Management and People free essay sample

There are different methods of portraying the executives, so in this task the various meanings of the board would be talked about and we would likewise perceive how a large portion of the definitions are comparative, alongside their capacities. We ought to consider the board take a gander at why the executives is significant. We should perceive how the different perspectives on these administration scholars are comparative and furthermore in the event that they differentiate. The board, as characterized, â€Å"is the movement of completing things the guide of individuals and different assets productively and adequately, it is a component of most human conditions; residential, social and political, just as in officially settled organisations†(David Boddy, 2008, ps. 10). We people perform various exercises regular, for example, eating, drinking, playing and they are identified with the board and so on. As per Mary Parket Follet, â€Å"Management is the demonstration of completing things through individuals. So the board is a movement on the grounds that a chief achieves his assignment or goal with the assistance of others and furthermore guides these individuals so as to acquire his target, so the executives accomplishes its destinations through individuals, so the board is very valuable to individuals. In the executives there are different exercises that are done. These incorporate enlightening exercises, decisional exercises and between close to home exercises and every one of these exercises are to be finished by a supervisor. The executives tries are done to empower singular exercises that will help achieve all objectives. In this manner, supervisors should consistently keep hierarchical objectives in thought. â€Å"Management is additionally the way toward arriving at hierarchical objectives by working with and through individuals and other authoritative resources†. (Samuel. c. Certo, eight releases, and p. s6) this definition is an incredible like the initial two definitions. The two of them state that administration has to do with accomplishing its objectives through the guide of individuals and assets, that’s to state, that, each kind of human association requires the procedure of the executives which assists with putting forth human day by day attempts profitable. The board is a comprehensively known. It is likewise a broadly utilized term. It’s utilized in all associations; political, social or social association. Every one of these associations are engaged with the executives since the board helps and aides the different procedures required to accomplish a reason. It can likewise be said that â€Å"management is both an all inclusive human movement and an unmistakable occupation†. (David boddy, 2008, p. s9). The board as a human action happens when people choose to assume liability and put forth a valiant effort to design the advancement and consequence of a movement. At the point when individuals deal with their work, they assume liability of everything in that association and ensure that they accomplish their motivation and that it has a positive result, along these lines â€Å"Management is a declaration of human organization, the limit effectively to shape and direct the world, as opposed to just respond to it†. (Hales, 2001, p. s2). The executives idea is widespread and extremely old. That’s why there are various perspectives communicated by essayists and scholar about the idea of the board. Be that as it may, the persistent improvement of the board standards has changed the idea of the executives. A great many people consider the executives as being just a workmanship yet the board is additionally a science. it is the specialty of making individuals more usable and dynamic than they would have being without it. As indicated by Harold Knootz, â€Å"Management is the specialty of completing things through and with the guide of individuals in officially sorted out groups†. The executives is viewed as a craftsmanship as opposed to a science chiefly in light of the fact that the aptitudes of the board are all the more an individual belonging and is instinctive. The executives is additionally a science in the feeling of how it is finished. Similarly as how science is an arranged collection of information which depends on sufficient perception and discoveries and this discoveries apply securely in all circumstances. In this sense, the executives is a science as it has additionally built up some arranged information, however the board isn't as precise in science as other physical sciences, for example, material science, science, science and so forth yet similarly as different sciences, the board has likewise built up specific laws and standards which are pertinent anyplace the endeavors of individuals are observed. The executives is even more a sociology and not of only a science, it manages the individuals and it isn't so natural to foresee human conduct precisely. Along these lines, the executives isn't only a craftsmanship; it has components of both workmanship and science. So it is both, a workmanship and science. The executives is an arranged movement. It is the association and co-appointment of the exercises of a business so as to accomplish explicit destinations. It is something that coordinates collective endeavors towards the achievement of certain pre decided objectives. It is the way toward working through others to viably accomplish the objectives of the association, by productively utilizing assets that are constrained in the evolving scene. Obviously, these objectives may change starting with one venture then onto the next. The board is frequently included as a factor of creation alongside machines, cash and materials. It is the administration which places these elements of creation into sensible use. In this manner, it is one of the significant obligations of the executives; to make such condition which is helpful for greatest endeavors so individuals would have the option to play out their assignment productively and viably. It incorporates guaranteeing the accessibility of crude materials, assurance of wages and compensations, definition of rules amp; guidelines and so on. The executives is additionally a specialty of making an inside domain, in which individuals can perform and people can likewise co-work with them so as to achieve a gathering of objectives. The board can be of various sizes, extending from one individual to a little association with many individuals or presumably it could likewise involve hundreds or thousands of administrators in a huge organization or worldwide organizations. As per Fw. Taylor, â€Å"Management is a craft of recognizing what to do and see that it is done in the best and least expensive way†. This is along these lines saying that in the board you need to recognize what is intended to be done and to realize what ought to be done as well as ought to likewise have the option to do it productively. â€Å"The term the board can likewise allude to the people who control and direct associations or to a lifelong dedicated to the assignment of controlling and coordinating organisations†. (Samuel. C. Certo, eight releases, p. s6). As indicated by the executives master, Peter Drucker (1909-2005), â€Å"The fundamental errand of the executives incorporates both promoting and advancement. Advancement â€Å"Is the utilization of new mechanical and market information to offer another item or administration that clients will want†. (Allan Afuah, second release, p. s4). Advancement is a piece of the board in light of the fact that as characterized, it has to do with the utilization of new innovation and market information so as to create new items that would be alluring to clients. Consequently with advancement, supervisors can have the option to accomplish their objectives. The executives comprises of the interlocking capacities or exercises of making corporate arrangement and sorting out, arranging, controlling, and guiding an organisation’s assets so as to accomplish its necessary goals. The board is the way toward providing a request to the exercises of arranging, affecting, controlling and sorting out that are performed to decide and achieve expressed destinations with the utilization of people and different assets. What's more, this exercises or capacities are what make up the executives. They are additionally the key errands that are to be finished by an administrator. The executives is being characterized in an unexpected way, every administration scholars have their own view on the executives and decipher it on their discoveries, for example, Henri Fayol, Harold koontz, Mary Parket Follet, Peter Drucker and Mintzberg. In any case, the executives is significantly characterized as a craft of completing things through individuals to accomplish a target. Harold Koontz and Mary Parket Follet had a similar view on this, the two of them characterized the board as a craft of completing things. While Henri Fayol and mintzberg sees are very comparative but on the other hand are unique. The two of them depicted a manager’s work a similar way, as indicated by Henri Fayol, â€Å"To oversee is to estimate and to design, to sort out, to order, to co-ordinate, and to control†. He sees the board as far as its capacities, what supervisors need to do so as to accomplish their goals. Mintzberg additionally says that all together for a director to have the option to accomplish his destinations, he must have the option to lead and convey well. Fayol and mintzberg’s hypothesis are just comparable as in there must be authority in the board in other to accomplish their objectives, yet there are still some additional aptitudes that can help with initiative. Mintzberg saw associations as a ‘open’ framework, so they would consider both the inside and outside variables of the board, while Fayol considered association to be a ‘close’ framework, he focused on the inward factors of the board. All in all, we can see that administration is an extremely all inclusive marvel; it is notable and done where so ever people’s endeavors are co-ordinated. What's more, that administration apparently is finished by directors and these chiefs ought to have the option to lead the individuals that are under them and ought to have the option to control, co-ordinate, order, and arrange others so as to accomplish their goal.

What are the causes of unethical practices in advertising Essay Example For Students

What are the reasons for deceptive practices in promoting Essay ?Advertising is your main thing when your item is nothing but bad. Most efficent approach to expand deals is publicizing. Commercials declare your item and give data about product?s quality and the capacities. Promotions can without much of a stretch focus individuals and have altogether impact to coordinate purchaser inclinations.. Just as commercials have a great deal of favorable circumstances they could be unsafe. The reasons for deceptive promoting can be included in three fundamental territories. These are not observing moral standards, focusing on kids, and disarray over new media stages. Sponsors who are adhering to their own guidelines once in a while dont care if the promotions are valid or destructive. They simply attempting to sell products.When a few organizations attempting to sell low quality items they don?t inform truth concerning the items in notices. They are going to stow away it?s imperfections and show more than what is it as a general rule. Advertisers convince and change customers choices about what should they buy by lying and giving bogus information.They are deceiving to purchasers and this make buyers more mindfulness when they are shopping. Sponsors likewise take care social awareness to focus. Organizations disregard ethical quality and they are simply enthusiasm to pick up cash. Utilize social consicousness to bit of leeway of them. ?Objectivation of lady could be seen in? the majority of promotions incorporate lady and consistently outline those lady as a sexual item or in detergant ads ladies is demonstrated confined to the home and secluded from other ladies that is outside of home. Promoters dont consider lady as a human they think ladies as an item. For an organization least demanding targets are youngsters. Polished pictures on the announcements or ostentatious ads on TVs affect children?s minds. These promotions have awful impact on their young personalities and change their reality see. That can't be disregarded. As indicated by Richard, U. (2012). Promoting the Case for improved publicizing morals. Diary of Advertising Research. Vol. 15, pp 37-39) kids are defenseless and effectively affected and dont realize the distinction among promoting and enterainment. Hence sponsors m?ust know about this and ensure kids. So guardians additionally ought to know about this and they need to work stop and forestall these exploitative practices in publicizing. Likewise media stages ought to be checked. We will compose a custom paper on What are the reasons for untrustworthy practices in promoting explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now New media assets are getting more grounded and increasingly pwerful. As the media is getting more grounded promotions are getting progressively successful. Promoters put subtle cues on recordings or news. New web based life like Facebook and web journals make it diffiuclt to recognize the contrast between article substance and promotion, (Ricahrd). These sort of advertsing appears to be lawful yet that ought to be inquired as to whether they are moral. Now and again we don?t know whether the promoting or showcasing is paid for by the organization that makes the item or on the off chance that it is being composed by somebody who is a buyer of the item. Sponsors must be extremely cautious on the off chance that they are too be moral. Promoting is to assist individuals with selling their items thus bring in cash for them. Numerous individuals doubt publicizing and this can be accused on the dishonest promoting that they have seen and maybe made them purchase an item that doesn't do what it guaranteed or breaks without any problem. Organizations need to ensure they are straightforward in their publicizing, that they wear not target youngsters and are evident that a notice is a commercial as opposed to an audit or a tribute.

Tips for Writing a Psychology Critique Paper

Tips for Writing a Psychology Critique Paper Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print How to Write a Psychology Critique Paper By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 15, 2020 Cultura RM / Gu Cultura / Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers Critique papers require students to conduct a critical analysis of another piece of writing, often a book, journal article, or essay. No matter what your major is, you will probably be expected to write a critique paper at some point. For psychology students, critiquing a professional paper is a great way to learn more about psychology articles, writing, and the research process itself. Students can analyze how researchers conduct experiments, interpret results and discuss the impact of the results. Steps for Writing an Effective Critique Paper While these tips are designed to help students writing a psychology critique paper, many of the same principles apply to writing critiques in other subject areas as well. The first step should always be to do a thorough read-through of the material you will be analyzing and critiquing. More than just a casual skim, however, your reading needs to be in-depth with an eye toward certain elements. Research experts have identified essential steps for writing a review or critique.?? Following this guideline can help you make better sense of the material as you assess what you are reading. Read the introduction section of the article. Is the hypothesis clearly stated? Is necessary background information and previous research described in the introduction? In addition to answering these basic questions, you should take note of information provided in the introduction and any questions that you may have.Read the methods section of the article. Is the study procedure clearly outlined in the methods section? Can you determine which variables the researchers are measuring? Remember to jot down questions and thoughts that come to mind as you are reading. Once you have finished reading the paper, you can then refer back to your initial questions and see which once remain unanswered.Read the results section of the article. Are all tables and graphs clearly labeled in the results section? Do researchers provide enough statistical information? Did the researchers collect all of the data needed to measure the variables in question? Again, make note of any questions you have or an y information that does not seem to make sense. You can refer back to these questions later as you are writing your final critique.Read the discussion section of the article. Experts suggest that it is helpful to take notes while reading through sections of the paper you are evaluating.?? Ask yourself key questions. How do the researchers interpret the results of the study? Did the results support their hypothesis? Do the conclusions drawn by the researchers seem reasonable? The discussion section offers students a good opportunity to take a position. If you agree with the researchers conclusions, explain why. If you feel that the researchers are incorrect or off-base, point out problems with the conclusions and suggest alternative explanations. Another alternative is to point out questions that the researchers failed to answer in the discussion section. Begin Writing Your Own Critique of the Paper Once you have read the article, compile your notes and develop an outline that you can follow as you write your psychology critique paper.  Use the following guide to help structure your critique paper: Introduction Begin your paper by describing the journal article and authors you are critiquing. Provide the main hypothesis or thesis of the paper and explain why you think the information is relevant. Thesis Statement The final part of your introduction should include your thesis statement. Your thesis statement is the main idea of your critique. Your thesis should briefly sum up the main points of your critique. Article Summary Provide a brief summary of the article, outlining the main points, results and discussion. When describing the study or paper, experts suggest that you provide a summary of questions being addressed, study participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design.?? Be careful not to get too bogged down by your summary. Remember, this section of your paper should highlight the main points of the article you are critiquing. Dont feel obligated to summarize each little detail of the main paper. Focus instead on giving the reader an overall idea of the content of the article. Your Analysis In this section, you should provide your critique of the article. Describe any problems you had with the authors premise, methods, or conclusions. Your critique might focus on problems with the authors argument, presentation or on information, and alternatives that have been overlooked. When evaluating a study, summarize the main findings, including the strength of evidence for each main outcome and consider their relevance to key demographic groups.?? Organize your paper carefully and be careful not to jump around from one argument to the next. Argue one point at a time. Doing this will ensure that your paper flows well and is easy to read. Conclusion Your critique paper should end with an overview of the articles argument, your conclusions, and your reactions. More Tips When Writing a Psychology Critique Paper As you are editing your paper, utilize a style guide published by the American Psychological Association, such as the  official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.Reading scientific articles can be difficult. Learn more about how to read (and understand) psychology journal articles.Take a rough draft of your paper to your schools writing lab for additional assistance.

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Meaning of Interpreted or Compiled in JavaScript

Computers cannot actually run the code that you write in JavaScript (or any other language for that matter). Computers can only run machine code. The machine code that a particular computer can run is defined within the processor that is going to run those commands and can be different for different processors. Obviously, writing machine code was difficult for people to do (is 125 an add command or is it 126 or perhaps 27). To get around that problem what are known as assembly  languages were created. These languages used more obvious names for the commands (such as ADD for adding) and thus did away with the need to remember the exact machine codes. Assembly languages still have a one to one relationship with the particular processor and machine code that the computer converts those commands into. Assembly Languages Must Be Compiled or Interpreted Very early on it was realized that easier to write languages were needed and that the computer itself could be used to translate those into the machine code instructions that the computer can actually understand. There were two approaches that could be taken with this translation and both alternatives were chosen (either one or the other will be used depending on the language being used and where it is being run). A compiled language is one where once the program has been written you feed the code through a program called a compiler and that produces a machine code version of the program. When you want to then run the program you just call the machine code version. If you make changes to the program you need to recompile it before being able to test the changed code. An interpreted language is one where the instructions are converted from what you have written into machine code as the program is being run. An interpreted language basically gets an instruction from the program source, converts it to machine code, runs that machine code and then grabs the next instruction from the source to repeat the process. Two Variants on Compiling and Interpreting One variant uses a two-stage process. With this variant, the source of your program is compiled not directly into the machine code but instead is converted to an assembly-like language that is still independent of the particular processor. When you want to run the code it then processes that compiled code through an interpreter specific to the processor so as to get the machine code appropriate to that processor. This approach has many of the benefits of compiling while maintaining processor independence since the same compiled code can be interpreted by many different processors. Java is one language that often uses this variant. The other variant is called a Just in Time compiler (or JIT). With this approach, you dont actually run the compiler after you have written your code. Instead, that happens automatically when you run the code. Using a Just in Time compiler the code isnt interpreted statement by statement, it is compiled all in one go each time when it is called to be run and then the compiled version that it just created is what gets run. This approach makes it look a lot like the code is being interpreted except that instead of errors only being found when the statement with the error is reached, any errors detected by the compiler result in none of the code being run instead of all of the code up to that point being run. PHP is an example of a language that usually uses just in time compilation. Is JavaScript Compiled or Interpreted? So now we know what interpreted  code  and compiled code  mean, the question we next need to answer is what does all of this have to do with JavaScript? Depending on exactly where you run your JavaScript the code may be compiled or interpreted or use either of the other two variants mentioned. Most of the time you are ​running your JavaScript in a web browser and there the JavaScript is usually interpreted. Interpreted languages are usually slower than compiled languages. There are two reasons for this. Firstly the code to be interpreted actually has to be interpreted before it can be run and  secondly, that has to happen every time that the statement is to be run (not only every time you run the JavaScript but if it is in a loop then it needs to be done every time around the loop). This means that code written in JavaScript will run slower than code written in many other languages. How does knowing this help us where JavaScript is the only language available for us to run across all web browsers? The JavaScript interpreter itself that is built into the web browser is not written in JavaScript.  Instead, it is written in some other language that was then compiled. What this means is that you can make your JavaScript run faster if you can take advantage of any commands that JavaScript provides that allow you to offload the task to the JavaScript engine itself. Examples for Getting JavaScript to Run Faster An example of this is that some but not all browsers have implemented a document.getElementsByClassName() method within the JavaScript engine while others have yet to do so. When we need this particular functionality we can make out code run faster in those browsers where the JavaScript engine provides it by using feature sensing to see if the method already exists and only creating our own version of that code in JavaScript when the JavaScript engine doesnt provide it for us. Where the JavaScript engine does provide that functionality it should run faster if we use that rather than running our own version written in JavaScript. The same applies to any processing that the JavaScript engine makes available for us to call directly. There will also be instances where JavaScript provides multiple ways of making the same request. In those  instances, one of the ways of accessing the information may be more specific than the other. For example document.getElementsByTagName(table)[0].tBodies and document.getElementsByTagName(table)[0].getElementsByTagName(tbody) both retrieve the same  nodelist  of the  tbody  tags in the first table in the web page however the first of these is a specific command for retrieving the  tbody  tags where the second identifies that we are retrieving  tbody  tags in a parameter and other values can be substituted to retrieve other tags. In most  browsers, the shorter and more specific variant of the code will run faster (in some instances much faster) than the second variant and so it makes sense to use the shorter and more specific version. It also makes the code easier to read and maintain. Now in many of these  cases, the actual difference in the processing time will be very small and it will only be when you add many such code choices together that you will get any noticeable difference in the time your code takes to run. It is fairly rare though that changing your code to make it run faster is going to make the code significantly longer or harder to maintain, and often the reverse will be true.There is also the added benefit that future versions of JavaScript engines may be created that speed up the more specific variant even further so that using the specific variant may mean that your code will run faster in the future without you having to change anything.

Tourism has often been criticised for damaging the environment and undermining local cultures Free Essays

Environment and undermining local cultures. To what extent Is this true in Hong Kong? You should give both the advantages and disadvantages of Hong Kong’s tourist industry but your essay should support one side only. Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism has often been criticised for damaging the environment and undermining local cultures or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has become a popular global leisure activity, which is of vital importance for many countries, due to large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunities for employment in the service industries. This rapid expanding industry shows both positive and negative effects. Hong Kong is an attractive and vibrant city that worth tourists’ travelling as we can see many tourists in some tourist spots every day, for instance, Central, Causeway Bay, Tsim Sha Tsui, Mong Kok and so on. However, tourism in Hong Kong has long been criticised for damaging the environment and undermining local cultures. First and foremost, tourism can promote job opportunities. A good example is the operation of the Hong Kong Disneyland. It attracts more fresh graduates and young adults to find jobs and work there, and hence increase employment rate of Hong Kong. Undeniably, under the background of rising job opportunities, tourism can stimulate economic growth. As more and more tourists around the globe visit Hong Kong, this increases foreign exchange earnings and boost sales of shops. To cater for tourists’ needs, there will be improvement of facilities or infrastructure such as roads, buildings, airports and communication systems, which may be improved to meet growing demands. Although tourism can bring us benefits, its drawbacks cannot be disregarded. Tourism may damage traditional culture. Tourists visit to Hong Kong will focus more their attention on shopping than seeing some popular tourist spots related to traditional cultures. Although economic growth is stimulated, Hong Kong will soon become a consumer society. Tourism could cause pollution. The non-biodegradable rubbish left behind by many tourists often ends up being dumped into landfills, rivers and the sea. Furthermore, young people will grow up in a deteriorating environment and be affected by what they see tourists do and then follow their behaviours such as drunkenness, drug abuse and gambling. In some serious cases of crimes, the relationship between two countries may be worsen because of the records of criminals. In my view, tourism has often been criticised for damaging the environment and undermining local cultures. When you walk on the streets and beaches, you can see a lot of waste and litter on the ground, even though local citizens throw some of them on the floor. Moreover, the reason why tourism undermines local cultures is tourists enjoy material comfort more than spiritual satisfaction. They realize that there are lots of cheap goods in Hong Kong and then rush into the shops and buy whatever they can without consideration. This forms a consumer culture. When they find something they have bought is useless, they will throw them away immediately. This definitely damages the environment and becomes a vicious cycle as time goes by. To remedy the problem, the local government should implement some effective measures to make tourist industry more traditional and environmentally-friendly, for example, holding more traditional activities so as to attract tourists and let them know more about local culture. Education of tourists to be a responsible person in their home countries is extremely important. Although different countries have different rules and laws, ‘When in Rome, do as Roman do’, tourists should strictly follow the rules when they are traveling to Hong Kong or even other places. If they do not obey the law, they would receive heavy penalty and even imprisonment, no matter they are tourists who visit Hong Kong. How to cite Tourism has often been criticised for damaging the environment and undermining local cultures, Papers

Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Equity of Woolworth

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Brand Equity of Woolworth. Answer: Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility and brand equity have been extensively studied in marketing research process. Corporate Social Responsibility is one effective component that offers various ways of developing brand equity within any organization (Youn Ryu, 2016). Therefore, corporate social responsibility has great impact on the brand equity of organizations. Corporate social responsibility is used by various organizations for managing their functional measures with respect to various social and consumer related facts and issues within organizations. This research paper is elaborating about the impact analysis of corporate social responsibility on brand equity of Australian business organizations. In contrast with these facts, this research paper has selected the Woolworth as one business organization for analyzing the impacts of the corporate social responsibility of brand equity of Woolworth. In contrast with these facts, various stakeholder relationships is evaluated with respect to the context of corporate social responsibility and the concept of brand equity involved within the organizational structure of the Woolworth. Aims and Objectives This project aims to investigate impact of corporate social responsibility on brand equity of Woolworth, an Australian retail organization. Following are the concerned objectives for impact assessment of Corporate Social Responsibility on Woolworth: To study the existing nature of CSR within Woolworth with respect to evolving trends within retail industry of Australia. To identify the intent of CSR policies within Woolworth To analyze the policies of Woolworth with respect to the brand equity of the company To understand the relationship of brand awareness and corporate social responsibility of Woolworth Methodology The methodology is the process that will be followed by the researcher in order to manage research tasks and methods. There are mainly two types of research methodology. These are qualitative and quantitative methodology (Tingchi et al., 2014). The qualitative methodology is concerned with the process of literature and documents collected as the primary and secondary data collected for managing the research. Apart from this, the quantitative methodology is concerned with the process of the managing the responses of participants involved within the research process. These are mainly concerned with the quantitative research process. Chosen methodology: Mixed Approach This research is considering the mixed approach for the doing he research. Both the qualitative and quantitative approach is concerned for this research process (Grhan-Canli, Hayran Sarial-Abi, 2016). The qualitative research is helpful in this research as various the theoretical aspects are considered for managing the supportive facts about the impact of CSR on brand equity. Apart from these perspectives, the quantitative study is involved due to collecting the responses of various resources involved within the corporate social responsibility and brand equity measures. The quantitative study refers to the immediate responses of the organizational members about how corporate policies as well as social movement by Woolworth are impacting on the brand value of the organization. Research Design The exploratory research design process is chosen within this research process in order to support the descriptive design was able to support the functional details about the corporate social responsibility and brand equity of Woolworth. Other than this research design rest of the research design process are omitted because of their longitudinal aspects involved within research process. Methods of data collection The primary data are collected with the help of surveys done among the employees and clients of Woolworth for evaluating the impact of CSR on the brand equity of the organization (Fatma, Rahman Khan, 2015). Apart from this, the secondary data is collected from the published resources about the brand equity and corporate social responsibility. Data and analysis The qualitative data analysis is done with the help of case study, narrative resources that are present in web. In addition to this, the quantitative study is conducted with respect to interviews and surveys of the resources. References Fatma, M., Rahman, Z., Khan, I. (2015). Building company reputation and brand equity through CSR: the mediating role of trust.International Journal of Bank Marketing,33(6), 840-856. Grhan-Canli, Z., Hayran, C., Sarial-Abi, G. (2016). Customer-based brand equity in a technologically fast-paced, connected, and constrained environment.AMS review,6(1-2), 23-32. Hur, W. M., Kim, H., Woo, J. (2014). How CSR leads to corporate brand equity: Mediating mechanisms of corporate brand credibility and reputation.Journal of Business Ethics,125(1), 75-86. Tingchi Liu, M., Anthony Wong, I., Shi, G., Chu, R., L. Brock, J. (2014). The impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance and perceived brand quality on customer-based brand preference.Journal of Services Marketing,28(3), 181-194. Youn, S. H., Ryu, S. Y. (2016). The impacts of CSR program on young students' attitudes toward the corporation and natural environment: Tourism study from a convergence perspective.Indian Journal of Science and Technology,9(26).

Ontario Welfare System and the Effects on Clientele Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction Percepts sing the function of public assistance in society alteration every bit much as society does. Thus. societal perceptual experiences sing the aim. bringing and patronage of public assistance services change to accommodate societal and authorities aims. Harmonizing to Bouguet ( 2002 ) . demands on public assistance services have prompted many authoritiess to raise standards for services every bit good as bound the extent of support available. The aim of service bringing theoretical accounts ( SDM ) is to promote independency from public assistance services and to diminish the force per unit area on service suppliers. In the instance of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) states like Canada. who have adapted similar public assistance criterions. there has been important attempt to implement public assistance reform in its very foundations: â€Å"Welfare has progressively shifted from being an â€Å"entitlement† plan designed to assist contend p oorness. to a impermanent support intended to advance single autonomy through labour force fond regard strategies† ( Human Resources and Social Development Canada [ HRSDC ] . We will write a custom essay sample on Ontario Welfare System and the Effects on Clientele Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2000 ) . These displacements nevertheless have raised concerns sing SDM’s ability to supply support to socio-economically challenges households and persons in the community. Though there is acknowledgment of the demand for public assistance reform. McBride and McNutt ( 2007 ) points out that policy alterations have devolved in its attempts to back up disenfranchises and socially excluded vulnerable groups. At the same clip. Ontario Ministry of Finance ( 2007b ) believes that the public assistance restructuring will assist the most vulnerable. In the class of this paper. these sentiments will be assessed and their subsequent impact to welfare services in Ontario will be determined. At the same clip. the impact of the public assistance reforms on the citizens of Ontario will besides be evaluated. The research will concentrate chiefly on the impact of the reforms to child public assistance services and income support services for low-income households. The standard for the research will b e whether the reforms have increased the societal inclusion and capacity of patronage having these services. Social welfare Reforms Changes in macro policies towards welfare impact the local public assistance plans. In the class of public assistance reforms that were begun in 2000. the authorities has been seen to give much of its resource to child public assistance and poorness decrease but has raised standards for wellness support and rehabilitation plans. The Ontario Child Benefit ( OCB ) for illustration has been given a $ 2. 1 Billion budget for 2007: primary receivers are the Ontario Child Care Supplement for Working Families ( OCCS ) . At the other terminal of the spectrum. the standard for services have now been prescribed with compulsory drug proving. new ordinances on lodging aid and restriction of footings of societal due to the Social Assistance Rate Restructuring plan ( Income Security Advocacy Centre. 2007 ) . The chief issues that Ontario works sought to set up together with Andersen Consulting. now known as Accenture. societal public assistance reform with the aim of cut downing the cost of service and bringing. eligibility demands monitoring and direction. labor or work demands and patroling misdemeanors and maltreatment to welfare benefits ( Herd A ; Mitchell. 2002 ) . Aside from revising public assistance plans. the partnership with Accenture established the theoretical account for Business Transformation Projects ( BTP ) which crated platforms for coaction of public and private sectors in presenting and pull offing public assistance services ( HRSDC. 2000 ) . Under the SDM. Ontario Works would use a figure of new service characteristics ( Herd A ; Mitchell. 2002. pp. 10-11 ) : Welfare services are determined by the degree economic sciences capacity of the province to extenuate disparities in wealth. Sing the demands on resources of public assistance services. there has been an accent that societal services. peculiarly public assistance and wellness services. be considered at macroeconomic degrees. Many states. including Canada. have employed outcome-based rating plans to find the feasibleness of public assistance services. However. Berger ( 2001 ) has expressed the rigorous attachment to such criterions will restrict the sensitiveness of public assistance plans to existent societal scenarios. Though Ontario’s public assistance services. Ontario Works. are independent. they rely on the support of national bureaus such as Canada Assistance Plan ( CAP ) and the Canada Health and Social Transfer ( CHST ) ( HRSDC. 2000 ) . Impact Assessment and Evaluation Harmonizing to Berger ( 2001 ) the reforms initiated by Ontario Works as portion of Campaign 2000. addition the have to be reviewed if they are really relieving public assistance issues and non make conditions that limit entree to identify services. He notes for illustration. that the execution of compulsory drug proving would deter drug users from accessing public assistance services or worse. be denied services. The issue becomes even more critical if the persons have juvenile dependants that in bend are non given entree to the public assistance services the demand. Similarly. Payne and Snyder ( 2008 ) indicate the current steps create conditions that may entree to services to hard. Therefore. it makes vulnerable groups even more vulnerable or unwilling to take part in authorities attempts in public assistance. Olive ( 2007 ) sees that current demands are besides restricting the ability of people presently having public assistance to travel off public assistance services. Monsebraaten ( 2007 ) illustrates this instance in the policies on public lodging wherein subsidies decrease with addition in income capacity done through amalgamate confirmation procedure ( CVP ) . Though the current legislative acts have been established to guarantee that those who need the most support receive it. it besides discourages receivers from acquiring off public assistance since this will intend the loss of public lodging. This supports Herd and Mitchell ( 2002 ) sentiment that Ontario Works service bringing model’s inordinate and inappropriate petitions for information. cumbersome and complicated application and entreaties procedures. intentionally confusing processs and linguistic communication and greatly restricted appeal times ( p. 7 ) . Broad leader Stephane Dion points out that based on informations that estimation of a million Canadian kids populating in poorness. degrees at par with developing states such as Indonesia. it is clear that policies have to be reviewed to forestall future societal crises. Other surveies have besides indicates that the reforms have non been able to present coveted results. Despite the focal point on kid public assistance plans. there is important opposition to accessing services peculiarly in instances where there is fright of legal effect or diminished welfare support. In a survey of instances of domestic force. respondents’ indicated their reserves on the services under the new SDM which in bend has resulted to a decreased figure of adult females seeking services for their households. dislocation of relationships among public assistance professionals and their clients. increased demands for appraisal. monitoring of families and diminished capacity to forestall maltreatment or implement intercessions ( Alaggia et al. 2007 ) . Decision The issue of public assistance is non an issue that can be discussed without the demand to dig in societal. economic and political issues. Canada in general has been sensitive to societal demographics and developments nevertheless there is besides the realisation that current demands on societal services are stretching resources thin. Though there has been a figure of a research foregrounding the challenges of the current Ontario Works SDM. there is still important room to ease the betterments. As it is. despite important attempts to better services and their bringing. the patronage of Ontario Works experience lacks in public assistance services. There is no denying that there are parties who abuse public assistance services. but this should non be the load of people who truly need welfare support. The prevalent perceptual experience is that policies have non merely been unable to relieve public assistance concerns but have exacerbated concerns and limited the capacity of public assi stance services to react to developing demands. Particular focal point should be devoted in heightening relationships with client since they determine the success result of services. Furthermore. there is a demand to develop socio-economic sensitiveness. widen coactions with community involvement groups and set up go oning feedback systems with all stakeholders. In decision. the Ontario Works public assistance system has gained important land in developing models and procedures for the development and bringing of services. However. there is still an pressing demand to develop effectual and collaborative relationships with its patronage and this can merely be accomplished if its patronages have assurance that public assistance plans are to assist relieve poorness. societal exclusion and victimization. Mentions Alaggia. Ramona. Jenney. Angelique. Mazzuca. Josephine and Redmond. Melissa ( 2007 ) . In Whose Best Interest? A Canadian Case Study of the Impact of Child Welfare Policies in Cases of Domestic Violence.Brief. Treat. Crisis Interven. .November ( 7 ) : 275 – 290. Berger. Philip B. ( 2001 ) . Science misapplied: compulsory dependence showing and intervention for public assistance receivers in Ontario.Can. Med. Assoc. J. . August ( 165 ) : 443. Bouguet. D. ( 2002 ) . Convergence in Social Welfare Systems: What Are We Talking About? . Comparing Dynamicss of Transformation of Social Protection Systems in Context of Globalization and European Construction. Oslo Norway: Social welfare Reforms for the twenty-first Century – Second Conference Herd. Dean and Mitchell. Andrew ( 2002 ) . Discouraged. diverted and disentitled:Ontario Works New Service Delivery Model. Toronto: Community Social Planning Council of Toronto and the Ontario Social Safety Network Human Resources and Social Development Canada ( 2000 ) . Reconnecting Social Assistance to the Labour Market. Retrieved February 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hrsdc. gigahertz. ca/en/cs/sp/hrsdc/edd/reports/2000-000437/page04. shtml Income Security Advocacy Centre ( 2007 ) . Social Assistance Rate Restructuring and Child Benefits: How This Impacts You. Retrieved February 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. incomesecurity. org/documents/RateRestructuringandChildBenefitsREVISION-9Nov07. pdf Mcbride. Stephen and Mcnutt. Kathleen ( 2007 ) . Degeneration and Neoliberalism in the Canadian Welfare State: Political orientation. National and International Conditioning Frameworks. and Policy Change in British Columbia.Global Social Policy. August ( 7 ) : 177 – 201. Monsebraaten. Laurie ( 2007 ) . The Treadmill of Poverty ( 2007 )The. Star. com. December 6. Retrieved February 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thestar. com/News/GTA/article/283114 Olive. David ( 2007 ) . Why Poverty Threatens Us All.The. Star. com. October 20. Retrieved February 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thestar. com/columnists/article/268662 Ontario Ministry of Finance ( 2007a ) . Expanding Opportunities For Children And Families. Retrieved February 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. five. gov. on. ca/english/budget/ontariobudgets/2007/bk2. hypertext markup language Ontario Ministry of Finance ( 2007b ) . Expanding Opportunities For Low-Income Ontarians. Retrieved February 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. five. gov. on. ca/english/budget/ontariobudgets/2007/bk6. hypertext markup language Payne. Bill and Snyder. Roy ( 2008 ) . Surviving on the front lines of poorness.The Kingston Whig-Standard. January 8. Retrieved February 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. oafb. ca/portal/index. php? option=com_content A ; task=view A ; id=1638 A ; Itemid=94

Physician and Medical Administrative Assistants Essays

Physician and Medical Administrative Assistants Essays Physician and Medical Administrative Assistants Essay Physician and Medical Administrative Assistants Essay THREE of the human skills that a good Administrative Medical Assistant (MAA) needs to possess. Give a realistic medical office example of how the MAA could use ONE of these three skills. Personality be a people person with a sense of humor typing fast enough on the fingers and good spelling skills be good in the field of study or work. self explanatory. filing, phone and general office skills and knowledge of the Job. Why the planning of activities within the medical office is important for the MAA. This is because the medical administrative assistants perform errands which are interrelated to the healthcare industry and general administrative duties. [ These errands may include answering the phone, greeting patients and visitors, ordering supplies, sorting mail, bookkeeping and creating invoices. The other errands that may also entail to specialized knowledge that includes updating and maintaining patient medical records, processing insurance forms, scheduling patient appointments and coordinating lab services. How the concept of empowerment can make you more effective in your dealings with other colleagues in the medical office. The concept of empowerment can make you more effective in your dealings with other colleagues in the office by allowing you to think for yourself and take control of your work while making others feel part of the whole work team. Empowerment motivates employees to become more productive making it easier for ones colleagues to do their roles like you. Give a realistic medical office example of how the MAA could use ONE of these three skills. Planning of activities within the medical office is important for the MAA , because with reference to the definition of Medical Administrative Assistants , the position perform tasks specific to the healthcare industry and general administrative duties. General tasks may include answering the phone, greeting patients and visitors, ordering supplies, sorting mail, bookkeeping and creating invoices. Tasks that might require specialized knowledge include updating and maintaining patient medical records, processing insurance forms, scheduling patient appointments or medical rocedures and coordinating lab services. The planning of activities is very important because to the MAA because this why they can inform students and their families of what is going on. It also helps them to offer services to people and to expand their business. The MAA is also able to establish the funds and time for the activities. Its an opportunity for them MAA to participate in the planning of activities to. They may also assist physicians or medical personnel with various tasks, including transcribing dictation, riting correspondences or preparing reports and presentations. Medical Administrative Assistants are employed in a variety of settings and their Job duties vary depending on the employer. According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, over 60 percent of medical optometrists, podiatrists, dentists, outpatient care facilities and long-term care facilities. With good knowledge about your Job and your responsibilities you can make a great difference in a companys outcome. The better your performance the better chance for your boss to notice your ability.

Vigilance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vigilance - Case Study Example On stress related issues, the author noted that different groups with varying levels of pressure cannot be together, thus separated depending on the feeling of each team. Comparatively, the less stressed team could effectively manage vigilance activities in the region. Social distance also has a lot of impacts on vigilance project and subsequent team performance. Indeed, it is easier for the people who fall within the same social status to work in harmony and achieve significant success. Identity based distance has an adverse impact on the group performance. Notably, the people who identify with the group’s activities are able to put more effort in improving the programs and performance. This is because; they would also like to identify with the good results of the project. Therefore, through identity, the team is able to improve on their performance and contribute to economic development of the area. Psychological distance also separate people in the team. Mostly, the people with different thoughts might not work in unity to achieve the objectives. In reality, psychological differences depend on the level of education for the members, exposure and social class of the team members. Therefore, the status of mind has profound effect on the team’s performance Cultural distance is the separation of people based on ethnic affiliations. Here, different groups of people owe legend to certain cultural practices. The cultural attributes have significant effect on the team performance. Often retrogressive cultures might not permit success of the group’s initiative. In addition, cultural conflicts interfere with the team spirit especially when the members are drawn from difference ethnicities. Technological distance is the separation of people based on the use of the latest and efficient machines for carrying out duties. Apparently, the team that uses the latest technology is able to carry out its

Applied Behavioral Analysis II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Applied Behavioral Analysis II - Essay Example According to the data provided, the intervention employed by Martin worked. The behavior exhibited by the patient Sara included banging her head against the wall, pulling her hair, and biting her arm. These behaviors according to the differential reinforcement of other (DRO) procedure were inappropriate. From the data provided, the frequency of biting her arm reduced from 10 to 7, the frequency of pulling her hair reduced from 23 to 5, and the frequency of banging her head against the wall reduced from 15 to 6. The method was not that successful although it reduced the frequency of the inappropriate behavior. The method is most effective for children aged four to twelve; Sara was only fourteen years old. For middle school setting in which Sara belongs, the method is used for integration into the self-management plans (NPDC on ASD 1). The ABAB reversal design has ethical and practical limitations when the intervention is withdrawn. The ethical issues become significant when the behavior that is being targeted is more problematic; this is the case with the Tier 3 RTI cases. In ABAB reversal design can be lengthened to for full observance of the return to baseline. Another limitation with this method is that some of the target behaviors can fully exhibit the return to baseline. In such a case, the learned behaviors partially return or they are returned on the basis of variability or the rate of learning. The resultant effect is the weak version of the reversal design in majority of the academic situations (Burns and Riley-Tillman 46). Due to these serious limitations, the method is faced with a number of ethical issues as discussed above. If Martin had used the method on Sara, a number of ethical issues could have been raised concerning the method. These ethical implications include the problem with the behavior of the target, and the partial return of the learned

Investigation And Evaluation Of Two Organizations Management Essay

Investigation And Evaluation Of Two Organizations Management Essay Marks and Spencers is one of the major British retailer companies. It has over 895 stores all over the world in more than 40 countries. marks and spencers have over 600 domestic stores and 295 international stores. marks and spencers is the UKs largest clothing retailer and a high end food retailer. marks and spencers is the worlds 43rd largest retailer. It sells clothes, food and wine, furniture, flowers and gifts and electronic products. It has made a pretax profit of over 1 billion  £ in 1998. They were the first British retailer to achieve such target. This clearly indicates that marks and spencers is a retail giant and has been an undisputed leader in the retail sector as far as the United Kingdom market is concerned. It has also proved itself in the international retail market and plans to expand its business in more directions and covering newer international market. Marks and Spencer was founded by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in 1894 as their first store in partnership at Cheetham Hill Road, Manchester. They made their reputation on a policy of only selling British made goods in 20th century. This was something extremely new in the market and hoped to capitalize on the buyers sense of belongingness to UK They sold food and clothes under the â€Å"St. Michael† brand which they introduced in 1928. They are also repudiated for having the most generous 35 days return policy on the British High Street. By 1950 almost all the goods were sold under â€Å"St. Michael†, women clothes and uniforms of girls were under â€Å"St. Margaret† label until the whole thing became â€Å"St. Michael†. The Asian food was introduced as the beginning of the cautious international expansion. Marks and Spencer opened stores in Europe in 1975 and in Ireland in 1979. This was a calculated step as Asian food was gaining popularity in the wes t and also the inflow of Asians in the western countries was on an upswing. This idea clicked and the company made huge returns. The company is known for emphasizing quality and offering fair value for money. marks and spencers has been a historic iconic retailer of British Quality goods. marks and spencers is aware of the fact that a solid and consistent growth is only guaranteed if it maintains its standards and delivers the best quality at the most reasonable rates. Being retail oriented company; customer satisfaction is of utmost importance and marks and spencers ensured it by healthy customer relations and most importantly provided post sales services to its customers In 1973 the company expanded in Canada. At a point they had 47 stores there. But they had never been able to improve their as a dull retailer. In late 90s efforts were made to improve and unprofitable locations were closed, but it wasnt successful. So they had to close the remaining stores in 1999.In 1975 they expanded in France by opening the stores in Paris. Paris being the worlds fashion capital, there was already stiff competition and it made it tough for Marks and Spencer to survive in such highly competitive environment. Except for Paris the European operation did not fare and the stores were sold in 2001.The Company acquired Brooks Brothers and Kings Super Markets in US but they were sold off. Several factors like these combined to threw Marks and Spencer into a heavy fall in 1997/98, which took everybody by surprise. These were the results of some bad decisions taken by Marks and Spencer which resulted in downfall of the company. The companys share fell by 70% approx. and its profits degraded from 1 billion to 145 million  £ at the end of 2001.In 2001 there were changes in their business focus. They started accepting credit cards and a new range of clothes was introduced. They also redesigned their business model. This resulted in some recovery but the problem still remained. In 2004 there was an attempt to take over marks and spencers by Bhs boss, Philip Green and Arcadia group. In Feb. 2007, marks and spenc ers announced to open worlds largest Marks and Spencer store at Dubai festival city. This surely turned out to be an intelligent move as Dubai is slowly becoming the trade capital of the world. Dubai, which is the most popular emirate of UAE, is now one of the hottest destinations for shopping, trading and travel and tourism industry. The high end Zendra Rhodes Collection was introduced in late 2009. PERFORMANCE: Marks and Spencer is listed on LSE (London stock Exchange) as a constituent of FTSE 100. Here is Year/Net Profit plot for Marks and Spencer. From the above data we can conclude that There was a heavy fall in 1998. In year 2001 the profits were very low only  £ M 2.8. There was some recovery in 2003-04 but they were still facing problem. From 2006 to 2008 there is some improvement. There is a significant decline in 2009. BRITISH HOME STORES (Bhs): â€Å"British home stores† is a departmental store chain in Britain which have branches in high street locations. They are primarily selling clothing and household items such as bed linen, cutlery, crockery and lighting. Now they have also started selling furniture etc. Bhs competes on value and quality. They are targeting at lesser part of the population as compared to John Lewis and Marks and Spencer. They have over 186 stores all over UK. The company is listed on LSE (London stock Exchange) as a constituent of FTSE 100 and is currently owned by Sir. Philip Green. HISTORY: In 1928 the first shop of Bhs opened in Brixton. They copied the business model of United Kingdom arm of US based FW Woolworth in that the price of goods was at max 1 shilling. In 1929 the maximum price was increased to 5 to enable the company for expanding the range of products. This includes furnishing and drapery. Bhs became Public company in 1931. After World War II selling based on price was stopped and goods with value and quality to money have been started to be offered. Bhs started expanding in 1970-80. They also opened the stores in indoor shopping malls. In 1977 they launched a joint venture with the firm â€Å"Sainsburys† to create hyper markets using SavaCentre brand. Sainsburys took control of the whole brand in 1989 and converted all the stores. There was a downturn in business in 1980s which was tried to be fought with the reconstruction of the stores and high profit margins selling. Bhs had to close its overseas stores during these times. In 1985 they opened fi rst franchise store. Such stores now operate in Europe and Middle east. There was a merger between Bhs, Habitat and Motherhouse. In mid 90s the brand went under reinvention under the guidance of retail design house 20:20.In May 2000 Philip Green took over Bhs (for  £ 200 million) and changed the company from public to private (ltd). In May 2005 Philip Green bought Etam UK (which included good girls fashion retailers). To improve Bhs girls perception as a whole the stand alone brands were integrated into Bhs.On Feb 27 2009, the company announced its merger with sister company Arcadia. Performance: The current condition of Bhs is not good. It is owned by Philip Green. Marks and Spencers performance is at present much better than Bhs. The growth is slow in retail market. To have a major growth you have to steal your rivals sales. Hence the gain of marks and spencers is resulting in Bhs loss. Philip Green is implementing cost cutting programs to increase the margin. There is a scope of improvement for others here. Cost pricing in this sector is continuously increasing because of the increase in energy and utility prices which accounts for  £ 12 million fall for Bhs. For revitalizing of the brand Green is investing at least  £ 100m and if he pulls this one out next time we will be discussing about marks and spencers slow recovery. Task 2: QUESTIONAIRE: The questionnaire has the questions on the following fields for evaluating the performance of both companies: Product design Shelf price Brand image Advertising Product range Shelf space Logistics Information and Customer relationships The answering of the questions has to be done on interval level. Questions specifically meant for staff members are marked as (SM). Rest can be answered by all. QUESTIONS: A) Product design: 1) How is the efficiency of the product designing process? (SM) bad excellent 2) Which product generation method is preferred? (SM) Based on idea Based on need 3) How good are solution designing and production methods? (SM) Poor Excellent B) Shelf price: 1) How is spending at each level of production handling and distribution? (SM) Very less just right Very high C) Brand image: 1) Which brand is more preferable? marks and spencers Bhs D) Advertising 1) How much does the firm spent on the marketing? (SM) very less just right Very high 2) Which brands advertisement is more enlightening about the product? marks and spencers Bhs E) Product range 1) Which brand has wider variety of products to choose from? marks and spencers Bhs 2) Which brand fulfills the better product requirement? marks and spencers Bhs F) Shelf space 1) Which brand has better stores? marks and spencers Bhs 2) Which brand store is easily reachable? marks and spencers Bhs G) Logistics 1) How good is the flow of goods, resources and information in the company? (SM) Poor Excellent H) Information and Customer relationships 1) Which brands store provide better information about the product? marks and spencers Bhs 2) Which brands customer service is more satisfactory? marks and spencers Bhs Statistical output: Output stats after a survey of 150 persons. Result interpretations of the survey: Product design process of Bhs is more efficient than that of marks and spencers . Idea based product generation is preferred more in Bhs, whereas it is almost balanced in marks and spencers . Shelf pricing efficiency of Bhs is much better than that of marks and spencers . marks and spencers brand is more preferable as compared to Bhs. Advertising marks and spencers spent more on Advertising. Product range marks and spencers have wider variety of products. Shelf space of marks and spencers is slightly better than Bhs. Logistics of Bhs are better than marks and spencers (there is not much difference). Information and Customer relationships: Customers are more satisfied with marks and spencers as compared to Bhs. CONCLUSION: From the result of the above survey and from the information collected from the various other resources we can conclude that: marks and spencers s (Marks and Spencer) is a much bigger company as compared to Bhs. marks and spencers have over 695 stores whereas Bhs only have over 185 stores. marks and spencers s net profits and turnovers are much higher than those of Bhs. Marks and Spencer can invest into more number of ventures and more capital which is generated by its huge network round the globe. marks and spencers is more famous and older brand as compared to Bhs. marks and spencers operations are more widespread as compared to Bhs. marks and spencers s targeted customers are much larger than those of Bhs. marks and spencers usually targets high end customers whereas Bhs do not. Product range of marks and spencers is much higher than that of Bhs. Customers prefers marks and spencers over Bhs. However, the internal operations, functions and working of Bhs are more coordinated better and efficient than that of the marks and spencers . This can prove beneficial to the company in the long run and this can result in Bhs having more output to input ratio as the system is more efficient. ROCOMMENDATIONS: From our current analysis I can say that Bhs has improved its internal structure to its maximum. There is a need to revitalize the plans, if that is successful then there is a good chance that Bhs might improve to the required level. However, marks and spencers have scope of improvement in its internal structure which will bring significant change in its profit margin. Currently marks and spencers have better hold of market but if they can side by side update their structure then they can avoid majority of the downfalls they face. References: Marks Spencer (n.d.). Retrieved on May 6, 2010, from http://www.marksandspencer.com/ (Marks Spencer) Modern living made easy (n.d.). Retrieved on May 6, 2010, from http://www.bhs.co.uk/ (Modern living made easy) How to begin your survey design project. (n.d.). Retrieved on May 6, 2010, from http://www.surveysystem.com/sdesign.htm (How to design your survey design project.) Bhs results in investment and retail sector. (n.d.). Retrieved on May 6, 2010, from http://www.moneyweek.com/articles/money-morning/why-bhs-could-be-just-the-start-of-retail-sector-woes.aspx (Bhs results in investment and retail sector.)

Climate Chenge in Bangladesh

Term Paper on â€Å"Climate Change and Bangladesh† Submitted by 1. Quazi Nizam Uddin, ID-5176 2. Kazi Md. Golam Quddus, ID-5168 MBA(F) 4th Batch , Fall semister-2010 Submitted for Mohammad Jahangir Alam Asst Professor , Jahangir Nagar University & South East University Managerial Economics (ECO-5123) South East University Executive SummaryBangladesh is frequently cited as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change because of its disadvantageous geographic location, flat and low-lying topography, high population density, high levels of poverty, reliance of many livelihoods on climate sensitive sectors- particularly agriculture and fisheries and inefficient institutional aspects.Many of the anticipated adverse affects of climate change, such as sea level rise, higher temperatures, enhanced monsoon precipitation, and an increase in cyclone intensity, will aggravate the existing stresses that already impede development in Bangladesh, particularly by reducing water and food security and damaging essential infrastructure. These impacts could be extremely detrimental to the economy, the environment, national development, and the people of Bangladesh.Bangladesh has developed some capacity for dealing with the impacts of climate change at the national level, and policy response options have been mobilized that deal with vulnerability reduction to environmental variability in general, and more recently, to climate change in particular. In addition, Bangladesh has for some time been recognized as a particularly vulnerable country by the international community, and has received disaster management and adaptation support in several sectors.Some reasons for climate changes are increase in CO2 levels, green house effect, industrialization, urbanization, burning fossils fuels, deforestation, population growth etc. Many of the projected impacts of climate change will reinforce the baseline environmental, socio-economic and demographic stresses already faced by Bangladesh. Climate change is likely to result in i. Increased flooding, both in terms of extent and frequency, associated with sea level rise, greater monsoon precipitation and increased glacial melt (ii).Increased vulnerability to cyclone and storm surges (iii. ) Increased moisture stress during dry periods leading to increased drought (iv. ) Increased salinity intrusion (v. )Greater temperature extremes All kinds of climate change impacts should be accounted for in both design criteria and location. Selected development programs on the need and possibilities to include climate change considerations in their approach and the possible contribution they could have to anticipatory adaptations.Sometime physical interventions are generally in-effective and costly, whilst requiring maintenance arrangements and coordination of separate initiatives. More promising anticipatory adaptations are changes in behavioral patterns, human practices and international actions. However, these type of adaptations meet serious institutional constraints and consequently should be carefully prepared and, if possible, integrated in existing structures and procedures. The main mechanisms to gradually overcome these constraints are coordination of climate change activities, (integrated) planning and information management.Capacity building including assisting the creation of a ‘climate change cell’ within the Department of Environment (DOE) to build government capacity for coordination and leadership on climate change issues needed. The cell can coordinates awareness raising, advocacy and mechanisms to promote climate change adaptation and risk reduction in development activities, as well as strengthening existing knowledge and information accessibility on impacts and adaptation to climate change. Introduction As a part of our MBA course program we have to submit a term paper.As our course teacher selected the topics â€Å"Climate Change and Bangladesh†. Accordi ngly we have to write on this topic. Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in the average weather conditions or a change in the distribution of weather events with respect to an average, for example, greater or fewer extreme weather events. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth.In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, climate change usually refers to changes in modern climate. It may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as global warming or anthropogenic global warming Bangladesh is frequently cited as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change because of its disadvantageous geographic location, flat and low-lying topography, high population density, high levels of poverty, reliance of many livelihoods on climate sensitive sectors- particularly agriculture and fisheries and inefficient institutional aspects.Many of the anticipated adverse affects of climate change, such as sea level rise, higher temperatures, enhanced monsoon precipitation, and an increase in cyclone intensity, will aggravate the existing stresses that already impede development in Bangladesh, particularly by reducing water and food security and damaging essential infrastructure.These impacts could be extremely detrimental to the economy, the environment, national development, and the people of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is one of the largest deltas in the world, formed by a dense network of the distributaries of the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra, and the Meghna, and more than 230 major rivers and their tributaries and distributaries. The total land area is 147, 570 sq km and consists mostly of low, flat land. 0 per cent of the land is floodplain, and only in the extreme northwest do elevations exceed 30 meters above mean sea level, making the major ity of Bangladesh (with the exception of the highlands) prone to flooding at least part of the year, with the floodplains of the north western, central, south central and north eastern regions subject to regular flooding. Between 30-70 per cent of the country is normally flooded each year. The extent of flooding is exacerbated by the sediment loads brought by the three major Himalayan rivers, coupled with a negligible flow gradient, which increases congestion.Bangladesh has developed some capacity for dealing with the impacts of climate change at the national level, and policy response options have been mobilized that deal with vulnerability reduction to environmental variability in general, and more recently, to climate change in particular. In addition, Bangladesh has for some time been recognized as a particularly vulnerable country by the international community, and has received disaster management and adaptation support in several sectors. ReasonsThe increase in CO2 levels due to emissions from fossil fuel combustion, followed by aerosols (particulate matter in the atmosphere) and cement manufacture. Other factors, including land use, ozone depletion, animal agriculture and deforestation, are also of concern in the roles they play – both separately and in conjunction with other factors – in affecting climate, microclimate, and measures of climate variables. Greenhouse Effect The Earth is surrounded by a layer of gases that act to trap heat. These so-called ‘greenhouse gases’ are necessary to sustain life on Earth.Like the glass walls of a greenhouse, they let the sun’s rays enter but stop some of the heat from escaping, keeping the planet warm enough to allow life. However, as people cause more greenhouse gases to be released into the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect becomes stronger. More heat is trapped and the Earth's climate begins to change unnaturally. Greenhouse gases mainly consist of water vapours and carbon di oxide, sulpher dioxide and include other gases like methane and nitrous oxide. Industrialization From the 16th Century and onwards the European nations went to developed industries.With the inception industrialization, there is more emission, deforestation (for place, fuel and buildings) had occurred. Urbanization With the modern civilization, people went for urbanization in every country. People made houses, offices, factories, schools, hospitals, markets and roads etc by eliminating forests and woods. Burning fossil fuels When fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas are burned, they release greenhouse gases. In 2005, burning fossil fuels sent about 27 billion tones of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.People burn fossil fuels to create energy, which is used for many things including †¢ heating homes and buildings †¢ growing, transporting and cooking food †¢ traveling (for example, by car, plane, bus and train) †¢ treating water to make it drinkable, heating it and piping it into homes †¢ manufacturing, using and transporting products, from clothes to fridges, from plastic bags to batteries Deforestation Cutting down forests faster than they are replaced (deforestation) is a major contributor to climate change. It causes 5. 9 billion tones of CO2 per year to be released into the air.This accounts for 20 per cent of the world’s carbon emissions – more than the entire global transport sector produces. Deforestation makes such a huge contribution to carbon emissions because trees absorb CO2 as they grow. The more trees that are cut down, the fewer there will be left to absorb CO2, leading to  it building up in the atmosphere. In addition, the agriculture and industry that replace the forests often cause an extra problem by producing carbon emissions of their own. Population Growth As the world’s population grows, there  are more people who need food, livestock and energy.This increased demand leads to increased emis sions. ImpactsLoss on Environment Many of the projected impacts of climate change will reinforce the baseline environmental, socio-economic and demographic stresses already faced by Bangladesh. Climate change is likely to result in i. Increased flooding, both in terms of extent and frequency, associated with sea level rise, greater monsoon precipitation and increased glacial melt ii. Increased vulnerability to cyclone and storm surges iii. Increased moisture stress during dry periods leading to increased drought iv. Increased salinity intrusion v.Greater temperature extremes Increased flooding Sea level rise is also associated with increased riverine flooding, because it causes more backing up of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna rivers along the delta. This will result in increased drainage congestion due to higher water levels, which will be exacerbated by other factors associated with climate change such as siltation of estuary branches in line with increased surface runoff, and high er riverbed levels. Higher temperatures will result in increased glacier melt, increasing runoff from the neighboring Himalayas into the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers.Increased intensity of cyclone winds and precipitation The IPCC conclude that there is evidence of a 5-10 per cent increase in intensity (wind speed) that would contribute to enhanced storm surges and coastal flooding, and also project a 20 per cent increase in intensity of associated precipitation that would contribute to flooding. Cyclone winds are likely to increase in intensity because of the positive correlation with sea surface temperature. In November 2007, for example, the tropical cyclone Sidr, with a 100 mile long front covering the breadth of the country and with winds up to 240 km per hour, hit Bangladesh.This was noted to be an unusual occurrence given the intensity and timing of the storm, particularly given that it occurred in the same year as two recurrent floods. Increased moisture stress during dry pe riods Climate change will exacerbate drought in Bangladesh both in terms of intensity and frequency linked to higher mean temperatures and potentially reduced dry season precipitation. Monsoon rains produce 80% of Bangladesh’s annual precipitation, and when this is reduced, drought is a significant problem; between 1960 and 1991, a total of 19 droughts occurred inBangladesh. The Southwest and Northwest regions are particularly susceptible to drought. Greater precipitation extremes associated with climate change also mean less rainfall in the dry season, which will increase water stress on those areas that already experience water shortages, particularly in the winter months. This will be worse for those areas that depend on glacial melt water for their main dry-season water supply, as glaciers recede with rising temperatures. Increased salinityThe availability of freshwater will be reduced by increased salinity intrusion into fresh water sources during the low flow conditions . In the coastal regions this is brought about by sea level rise resulting in saline water intrusion in the estuaries and into the groundwater. The effects are exacerbated by greater evaporation and evapo-transpiration of freshwater as temperatures increase, coupled with a greater demand for fresh water in times of water stress. Greater temperature extremes Climate change is associated with hotter summers and colder winters.Temperatures in Bangladesh have increased about 1 °C in May and 0. 5  °C in November between 1985 and 1998, and further temperature increases are expected. However, although the overall climate is warming, temperature extremes are increasing, and winter temperatures as low as 5 °C have been recorded in January 2007, reportedly the lowest in 38 years. ImpactsLoss on Economy Agriculture and fisheries The economy of Bangladesh is based on agriculture, with two thirds of the population engaged in or indirectly relying on agricultural activities.Agriculture is o ne of the most sensitive sectors to climate change, particularly changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and increased likelihood of extreme events such as droughts and floods. Although an increase in CO2 levels could under moderate temperature increases result in an increase in cropping yields, through carbon fertilization, modeling studies suggest that increasing frequency of crop loss due to extreme events, such as droughts and heavy precipitation, may overcome any benefits of moderate temperature increases.In Bangladesh, the overall impact of climate change on agricultural production will be negative. While inundation to a lesser degree has had a positive impact on production, with perennial floods bringing silt and nutrients increasing the fertility of the soils, prolonged floods have had a detrimental impact on crop yields; in two severe floods, 1974 and 1987, the shortfalls in production were about 0. 8 and 1. 0 Mt respectively. On average during the period 1962-1988, Bang ladesh lost about 0. million tones’ of rice annually as a result of floods, which accounts for nearly 30% of the country’s average annual food grain imports Other impacts of climate change such as temperature extremes, drought, and salinity intrusion, are also causing declining crop yields in Bangladesh. Several studies have been conducted in Bangladesh to assess the vulnerability of food grain production to various climate scenarios. One such study2 noted that a 4 °C increase in temperature would have a sever impact on food production in Bangladesh, resulting in a 28 per cent reduction for rice and a 68 per cent reduction for wheat.Temperature and rainfall changes have already affected crop production in many parts of Bangladesh, and the area of arable land has already decreased. The shortening of the winter season is resulting in a decline in production of winter crops, particularly potatoes. The salinity intrusion experienced by the coastal area of Bangladesh is h aving serious implications for the quality of the soil in areas that were traditionally used for growing rice. Under a moderate climate scenario the decline in yields due to salinity intrusion could be 0. 2 Mt, which increases to 0. 6 Mt under more severe scenarios. Increases in water stress have also affected the production of major crops, again particularly rice, which needs significant amounts of water. The fisheries sector may also be adversely affected by climate change. The fisheries sector contributes to about 3. 5 per cent of the GDP in Bangladesh, and people rely on fish products to make up the majority of daily protein dietary requirements. There are 260 species of fish in Bangladesh, all of which are sensitive to particular salt and freshwater conditions.The changes in tidal patterns, as well as increasing saline intrusion into the freshwater rivers, associated with climate change, will impact on fish populations, although the extent to which this occurs is still uncertai n. The implications of climate change for agriculture and fisheries are extremely significant, not only because of the livelihoods implications for the majority of the population who depend on agricultural outputs and systems, but also because of the threat to Bangladesh’s food security, where projections suggest that by the year 2030 food-grain requirements will be 41. 6 million tones.To become self sufficient in food grain production by 2030, an additional 14. 64 million tones will be required. Further, about 80 per cent of animal protein intake in Bangladeshi daily diets comes from fish. The population of Bangladesh almost doubled in less than thirty years from 1961, and now stands at over 143 million. According to projections the requirement of food grain in the country will be 42. 8 Mt by 2030. Increase vulnerability to crop production makes this near impossible and with fisheries also vulnerable to climate change, food security in Bangladesh is unlikely to be achieved.W ater resources and hydrology In Bangladesh, the effects of climate change on the surface and groundwater resources will be entirely negative. In terms of flooding, a report by the states that future changes in precipitation in Bangladesh have four distinct implications i. The timing of occurrence of floods may change, with implications for the seasonality of the hydrological cycle ii. Increase precipitation in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins may increase the magnitude, depth and patial extent of floods iii. The timing of peaking in the major rivers may also change, which may in turn change the likelihood of synchronization of flood peaks of major rivers iv. Increased magnitude, depth, extent and duration of floods will bring a dramatic change in land use patterns in Bangladesh. Other changes include increases in evaporation rates, reduction in dry season transboundary flows resulting in an increase in irrigation water requirements, sea level rise that will exacerbate drain age congestion.Bangladesh also faces frequent flash floods, higher frequency of tropical cyclones, rise in storm surge depths, and slower accretion of coastal lands. Changes to water resources and hydrology will have a major impact on Bangladesh, where people depend on the surface water for fish cultivation, navigation, industrial and other uses, and where the ground water is used for domestic purposes and irrigation. The impacts on agriculture have already been noted. These problems will be further exacerbated by poor water management, both nationally and trans-boundary.For example, the effect of water diversion upstream on dry season flows and salinity levels on coastal mangroves in Bangladesh was found to be comparable, if not higher, than the impact that might be experienced several decades later as in line with climate change projections. Coastal areas Coastal areas in Bangladesh are on the ‘front line’ of climate change, directly affected by storm surges, drainage congestion, and sea level rise. Most of Bangladesh is less than ten meters above sea level, with almost ten per cent of the country below 1 meter, making it extremely vulnerable to increasing high tides.With sea levels expected to rise by an average of two to three mm per year during the first part of this century[21], the effects on the coastal areas will be severe, and include erosion, coastal land subsistence, siltation of river estuaries, reduced sedimentation, water logging, and saltwater intrusion. The coastal area of Bangladesh and the Bay of Bengal are located at the tip of the northern Indian Ocean, which is frequently hit by severe cyclonic storms, generating long tidal waves that are aggravated by the shallow bay [5].Although Bangladesh now has good early warning systems and cyclone shelters have been constructed along much of the coast, infrastructure and livelihoods are still threatened and severely affected, hampering further development of the coastal areas. 30 distr icts were damaged by clone Sidr for example, with the 11 districts closest to the coast damaged most severely. Coastal areas will also be affected by salinity intrusion. Saltwater from the Bay of Bengal already penetrates 100 kilometres inland during the dry season, and climate change is likely to exacerbate this.Pressure from an increasing population and rising demand for groundwater further reduces the availability of freshwater supplies for domestic and industrial purposes A quarter of the population lives in the coastal areas, with the majority of the population reliant on or affected by coastal activities. If sea levels rises up to one meter this century, Bangladesh could lose up to 15 per cent of its landmass and up to 30 million Bangladeshis could become climate refugees. In these areas, agriculture, industry, infrastructure, livelihoods, marine resources, forestry and biodiversity, human health, and utility services will all suffer.Such a scenario could lead to a decline in GDP of between 27 and 57 per cent. Forestry Biodiversity Ecosystems and biodiversity may be at greatest risk of all sectors sensitive to climate change. Bangladesh has a diverse range of forest ecosystems, including savannah, bamboo, freshwater swamp forests and mangroves. The Sundarbans of Bangladesh, a world heritage sight, is the single largest mangrove area in the world, comprising an area of 577,00 ha, and housing one of the richest natural gene pools. A total of 425 species have been identified there, the most notable of which is the Bengal tiger, which is endemic to the area.Climate change will have a detrimental impact on all of the forest ecosystems in Bangladesh, and the Sundarbans are likely to be the worst affected. Sea level rise may inundate parts of the Sundarbans and ecosystems are threatened by salinization of surface and groundwater. Higher water temperatures, loss of brackish-waters and reduced flows could harm fisheries. Human development has in many cases fragme nted or reduced habitat decreased species population and blocked the migration routes of species. The Sundarbans also offer subsistence to around 3. million inhabitants who live within and around the forest boundary. The inundation and intruding salinity are interrupting traditional practices in the Sundarbans. Although there are opportunities for shrimp farming in increased salinisation, shrimp farmers are encouraged to inundate their land with brackish water during times of low salinity, exacerbating damage to the forest cover. Depleting forests are putting further pressure on forest resources such as fuel wood and timber, enhancing the rate of forest depletion. Human Health Climate change affects health directly and indirectly.The most direct impacts of climate change on human health occur through extreme events, for example the floods in Bangladesh in 2004 caused 800 deaths, while the recent cyclone affected more than 8. 5 million people, causing more than 3,500 deaths. Climate change will also affect the distribution of climate sensitive diseases. Malaria is a frequently cited example, because its prevalence increases in line with the warmer, wetter climates that are anticipated with climate change. Incidences of malaria have increased dramatically in Bangladesh over the last 30 years, and it is now a major public health problem, with 14. million people in Bangladesh classified as high risk for catching the disease. Other diseases such as dysentery, diarrhea, dengue, hypertension associated with heat stress, asthma and skin diseases are also increasing in Bangladesh, particularly during the summer months. While a causative connection between climate change and these diseases is of course difficult to verify, the conditions associated with climate change (in terms of temperature, rainfall, and salinity) and the impacts on water supply, sanitation and food production, generate favorable environments for the incidence and spread of such diseases.For example, increased flooding as well as drought is resulting in a decline in the availability of clean water, for a country where water-borne diseases are already responsible for 24 per cent of all deaths. Urban areas The risk to human health in tropical developing countries is one of the salient risks of climate change. Drainage congestion and standing water will increase the potential for outbreaks of cholera and other waterborne and diarrheal diseases.The pressure on the availability and access to safe water, in particular during the dry period, and the increasing reliance on groundwater are an additional threat. Natural disasters threaten people and there belongings. Finally the pressure on agricultural production may result in malnutrition. Cyclone Sidr affected the infrastructure of more than half a million homes, with nearly one million all or particularly destroyed, and more than 10,000 schools all or partially destroyed.The key sectors affected by floods in Bangladesh’s citie s include infrastructure, industry, trade, commerce and utility services, all of which reduce in productivity during and after major flooding, increasing the vulnerability of the urban poor. And the adverse impacts of climate change on rural areas cause increased migration to urban areas in search of non-agricultural employment, putting greater pressure on scarce housing, water, sanitation, and energy services and increasing the number of vulnerable urban poor who are particularly at risk from climate related disasters.A greater part of this migrated population lives in slums and squatter settlements in the cities. Particularly vulnerable groups The urban poor are therefore especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, because of the fragility of the infrastructure of slums and squatter settlements, and the lack of employment security. In the rural areas, those with insecure land tenure, particularly the lower Adivasi castes, and women, are also particularly vulnerable. Wo men are the main users and carriers of water. As the availability and uality of water declines and resources become scarcer, women will suffer increasing work loads to collect un-salivated water to sustain their families. ResponsesProtection Measures National policy response options There is no comprehensive national policy in Bangladesh that specifically targets climate change risks. However, the Bangladesh government is aware of the importance of climate change, as well as the country’s historical sensitivity to climate variability in general, and there are several policy response options that exist that relate to climate change.These include indirectly addressing the impacts of climate change through programmes that reduce vulnerability through for example poverty alleviation, employment generation, crop diversification; directly addressing vulnerability to climate variability and extreme events through disaster risk reductions and management schemes; and specifically targ eting climate change by mainstreaming climate change into sectoral plans and national policies. A selection of policies that reduce vulnerability to climate variability, and also specifically climate change, will be discussed here.Vulnerability Reduction In Bangladesh ongoing projects address food insecurity and food production shortfalls by crop diversification and generation of alternative employment opportunities aimed at community development, agricultural development, credit facilities, and infrastructure improvement. Fish and shrimp production for domestic consumption and exports are promoted with special emphasis on rural poverty alleviation and employment generation. All such developmental programmes are important in enhancing the resilience of the poor. Disaster Management and Climate Risk ManagementBangladesh has a Participatory Disaster Management Programme (PDMP) with a focus on disaster management and prevention, and also adaptation to climate change. The focus is on â €˜soft’ measures to reduce the impacts of disasters, with an emphasis on preparedness, such as awareness raising of practical ways to reduce disaster risks and losses, to strengthen national capacity for disaster management; enhance knowledge and skills of personnel in handling disasters; establishing disaster action plans in the most disaster prone areas; promoting local-level risk reduction measures; and improving early warning systems.In 2003 Bangladesh also established a Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) with UNDP and other donor assistance, with the aim of refocusing the government towards greater emphasis on disaster preparedness and risk reduction. CDMP has a number of disaster management components, among them to establish an integrated approach to climate change and disaster management, expanding risk reduction approaches across a broader range of hazards, with specific reference to climate change. There are three main areas of focus i.Capacity bu ilding for the Ministry of Environment and the Department of Environment to coordinate and mainstream climate change into their existing activities; ii. Strengthening existing knowledge and information accessibility on impact prediction and adaptation; iii. Awareness raising, advocacy and coordination to promote climate change adaptation into development activities. Capacity building included assisting the creation of a ‘climate change cell’ within the Department of Environment (DOE) to build government capacity for coordination and leadership on climate change issues.The cell coordinates awareness raising, advocacy and mechanisms to promote climate change adaptation and risk reduction in development activities, as well as strengthening existing knowledge and information accessibility on impacts and adaptation to climate change. Mainstreaming climate change into development and national planning The Bangladesh government is integrating climate change into sectoral plans and national policies. The World Bank’s recommendations on the impacts of limate change have been incorporated into coastal zone management programs and adopted in the preparation of disaster preparedness plans and a new 25 year water sector plan. In agriculture, research programs have taken place in light of climate change information, particularly drought and saline tolerant rice varieties. Bangladesh’s interim poverty reduction strategy paper (I-PSRP) recognizes the direct link between poverty and vulnerability to natural hazards, and notes that the incidence of disasters is likely to increase rather than decrease as a result of global warming.According to the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) (in 2001), the factors determining future water supply, including the impacts of sea level rise, which guides the implementation of the National Water Policy (NWP). Further, many of the NWP and NWMP priorities are synergistic with climate change adaptation, such as the re commendation in the NWP for early warming and flood proofing systems. Other environmental policies, including the National Environmental Management Plan (NEMAP), the National Land Use Policy, and the National Forest Policy, do not make specific reference to climate change.Some initiatives usually taken and some are in underway for adaptation 1. Giving donations and raising after disaster. In Bangladesh, after any major disaster we went for relief activities, rehabilitation and medical care with local and foreign donations. Government and NGOs are involved in extensive activities after the disaster. Bangladesh has already earned a reputation for disaster management especially after the management of cyclone Sidr in 2007. 2. Raising homes in the flood prone areas. In the flood and cyclone hit areas people are building houses with higher heights. 3.Building protecting walls and dams is important to save houses and croplands from floods and inundation. These are needed to avert erosion. 4. Need faster maturing crops (seeds). In this regards, we got some achievements. Now in our country, we can grow three crops in a year in the high agricultural lands. Research is underway in this regard by BRRI, IRRI and other private organizations and NGOs. 5. Need drought tolerant crops (seeds). Research is underway in this regard by BRRI, IRRI and other private organizations and NGOs. In some African nations, some successful plantation f drought tolerant crops (seeds) encourages us to grow in the north-western regions of Bangladesh. 6. We need saline tolerant crops (seeds) as the salinity in the southern region is increasing and it is swarming deeper inside. An Extensive research is underway in this regard by IRRI and other private organizations and NGOs for the southern region of Bangladesh. 7. Met office information should be communicated with all even farmers. Met office always tries to communicate the information through radio and television and also through print media.But it should be more intensive. In this regard, Mobile communication can be used for disseminating information to the farmers. 8. Using rainwater in gardens and household use. It is not that popular in our country though government is trying to promote it. 9. Seed and food storage is needed for the food and seed security. Government is increasing its capacity to store food. Government is also trying to build capacity of the seed bank in Jessore. People also should play their role in this respect. 10. Flood and cyclone shelters.Governments with its own fund and donors’ funds have built many shelters. Many more shelters will be built in future. 11. Raised wells and ponds in the flood and cyclone hit areas. 12. Raising latrines in every house because low level toilet facilities would contaminate water when flood strikes. People are coming forward for making safe and raised latrines. 13. Reforestation is important because trees are lifesavers. They help to regulate rainfalls, mitig ate extremes of floods and droughts and also landslides.In Bangladesh government department, NGOs and common people are planting trees. There is a campaign for tree plantation from all. 14. In some areas floating vegetable gardens are built on water bodies. Farmers can grow vegetables even during flood. It will be popular in future in many more areas. Conclusions and recommendations Climate change is not only an â€Å"environmental† concern but really a â€Å"development† concern for Bangladesh. This means that climate change as an issue must take center stage as a major developmental problem.Bangladesh is particularly vulnerable to climate change in its coastal zone, covering about 30 per cent of the country. Here prospects of industrial development, based on its rich energy resources, will seriously be constrained by the increased occurrence of coastal storms, flooding and reduced fresh water availability. The study also analyzes impacts on water resources, agricultu re, ecosystems and human health, concluding that in all these sectors, the country’s drive to development might be seriously restrained if no anticipatory actions are taken.Ecosystems and biodiversity, as a key sector for sustainable development, merits particular attention and of all sectors vulnerable to climate change this may be the most vulnerable. This not only refers to a few itemized ecosystems or endangered species. This will result a loss of productivity as well, seriously challenging the country’s prospect for sustainable development. Cyclone shelters and improved warning systems are confirmed as effective tools against the increased risks of disasters. Bangladesh has already a good record in this respect, which merits to be strengthened where possible.For water resources should aim to substantially reduce the risk of drainage congestion, erosion and drought, explicitly addressing the management of water resources both in the wet and in the dry season for do mestic, industrial, irrigation, navigation, and ecosystem use. Reducing water demand may be needed and this requires an integrated approach to water resources planning and management that will also coordinate design, operation and maintenance of major infrastructure and embankments. In agriculture should aim at changing agricultural practices to improving water efficiency and crop diversification in the whole country.The development and introduction of new varieties and corresponding dissemination measures are important and need to be facilitated by (inter)national research. Government and private sector should invest more money and resources in Research activities. Experience with new crops and agricultural practices have to be shared on the farm level. The impact of climate change on human health depends critically on the success to adapt to climate change in the other sectors. Of course, human health would be less vulnerable with an improved health care system, reliable drinking water supply and improved sanitation.All kinds of climate change impacts should be accounted for in both design criteria and location. Selected development programs on the need and possibilities to include climate change considerations in their approach and the possible contribution they could have to anticipatory adaptations. Sometime physical interventions are generally in-effective and costly, whilst requiring maintenance arrangements and coordination of separate initiatives. More promising anticipatory adaptations are changes in behavioral patterns, human practices and international actions.However, these type of adaptations meet serious institutional constraints and consequently should be carefully prepared and, if possible, integrated in existing structures and procedures. The main mechanisms to gradually overcome these constraints are coordination of climate change activities, (integrated) planning and information management. It is highly recommended that next steps to reduce Bangladesh’ vulnerability to impacts of climate change and sea level rise, concentrate on the adaptation mechanisms of planning, information management and international actions.Here, the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) that is currently being developed and the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP) under design offer key opportunities. The following specific actions are recommended 1. Establish an operational structure to coordinate climate change activities in Bangladesh. The following steps could be considered. 2. Revive the Climate Change Committee and review their Terms of Reference. 3. Involve the CCC in the design of planning procedures and guidelines; the research agenda and activities; the awareness building program; and the preparation and support of Bangladesh' international actions. . Establish an operational technical secretariat, to support the CCC. 5. Link the CCC activities to or establish communication with the national councils on water resou rces and environment. 6. Strengthen the existing structure and ongoing processes to develop and implement integrated water resources management. Participation on different levels and strengthening of local management organizations are essential parts of integrated planning. 7. Strengthen integrated coastal zone management, focusing on protection, land use and water management. 8.Prepare practical guidelines to include climate change issues in procedures for planning and design, and explore the possibility and feasibility of Climate Change Impact Assessments. 9. Establish, manage and execute a coordinated research agenda on climate change impacts. 10. Develop and operate a shared climate change knowledge base 11. Develop a plan of action for awareness building, optimally using the platforms and avenues created by the BEMP and SEMP projects, explicitly involving the Ministry of Information, the FEJP, CBOs and NGOs. 12. Promote, structure and support international activities.Two types of international activities have been identified (i) international debates on effects, mitigation and adaptation, and (ii) water sharing negotiations with neighboring countries. Bibliography 1. The European Parliament's temporary committee note on climate change February 2008 (Ref. to contract IPACLIMIC2007-106) 2. DOE (Department of Environment, M. o. E. a. F. , Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh),, Addressing Climate Change in Bangladesh National Efforts†. 2006, 3. Huq, S. , Climate Change and Bangladesh. Science, 2001(294) p. 1617. 4. Rahman, A. nd M. Alam, Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Bangladesh Country Case Study. IIED Working Paper, 2003(2). 5. UNDP (United National Development Programme), Country-in-focus Bangladesh. UNDP RCC web bulletin, 2007(2). 6. Huq, S. and J. M. Ayers, Critical list the 100 nations most vulnerable to climate change, in IIED Sustainable Development Opinion. 2007, International Institu te of Environment and Development London. 7. WB, An investment framework for clean energy and development a progress report in DC2006-0012. 006, World Bank Washington DC. 8. Climate Change Cell, Who is doing What in Bangladesh Report on the First Meeting. 2006, Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme, Government of Bangladesh 9. Agrawala S, et al. , Development and Climate Change in Bangladesh Focus on Coastal Flooding and the Sundarbans 2003, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 10. IPCC, Summary for Policymakers, in Climate Change 2007 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, et al. , Editors. 2007, Cambridge University Press Cambridge. p. 1000 26. Bangladesh Department of Environment, D. Ongoing Projects. [cited 2008 11. 01. 2008]; Available from httpwww. doe-bd. orgprojects. html. 12. Agrawala, S. , et al. , Development and Cl imate Change in Bangladesh Focus on Coastal Flooding and the Sundarbans. 2003, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 13. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). [cited 22012008]; Available from httpunfccc. intparties_and_observersitems2704. php.