Free Essays on Social Hunting As A Means Of Ensuring Reproductive Success

As one of the world’s foremost primatologists, Jane Goodall has become synonymous with the study of chimpanzees. Her book, In the Shadow of Man, describes her observations of a group of chimps in the Gombe Stream Reserve of Tanzania. Her research has made remarkable discoveries, uncovering the once unknown lives of wild chimpanzees. Her detailed book describes many social behaviors that are displayed by chimps, however, I will be focusing on the male chimpanzee’s exhibition of altruistic behavior in terms of hunting, and its relation to increased fitness and sexual reproduction. The evolutionary principle of all living organisms is to survive and reproduce. However, in place of the natural selection model, which portrays an image of passive and docile individuals being acted upon by the environment, altruistic behavior concentrates on the interactions among individuals and portrays organisms as selfish and calculating actors who seek to maximize their reproductive success. In these efforts, individuals must adopt strategies with different relative outcomes under particular circumstances. Altruism is key to the concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest. Fitness is a measurement of an individual’s genotypic contribution to subsequent generations and is often measured in the produced number of offspring (Boyd & Silk, 2003). Altruism can be traced throughout the evolution of many species, especially primates. The two basic types of altruistic behavior are dependent upon the relationship of the involved individuals. Kin selected altruism, which was first described by William D. Hamilton, is favored by selection if animals interact selectively with their genetic relatives. On the other hand, Robert Trivers states that non-relatives who have entered into a pact to exchange favors are taking part in reciprocal altruism (Boyd & Silk, 2003). Altruism within a family helps to ensure the advancement of genes and t... Free Essays on Social Hunting As A Means Of Ensuring Reproductive Success Free Essays on Social Hunting As A Means Of Ensuring Reproductive Success As one of the world’s foremost primatologists, Jane Goodall has become synonymous with the study of chimpanzees. Her book, In the Shadow of Man, describes her observations of a group of chimps in the Gombe Stream Reserve of Tanzania. Her research has made remarkable discoveries, uncovering the once unknown lives of wild chimpanzees. Her detailed book describes many social behaviors that are displayed by chimps, however, I will be focusing on the male chimpanzee’s exhibition of altruistic behavior in terms of hunting, and its relation to increased fitness and sexual reproduction. The evolutionary principle of all living organisms is to survive and reproduce. However, in place of the natural selection model, which portrays an image of passive and docile individuals being acted upon by the environment, altruistic behavior concentrates on the interactions among individuals and portrays organisms as selfish and calculating actors who seek to maximize their reproductive success. In these efforts, individuals must adopt strategies with different relative outcomes under particular circumstances. Altruism is key to the concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest. Fitness is a measurement of an individual’s genotypic contribution to subsequent generations and is often measured in the produced number of offspring (Boyd & Silk, 2003). Altruism can be traced throughout the evolution of many species, especially primates. The two basic types of altruistic behavior are dependent upon the relationship of the involved individuals. Kin selected altruism, which was first described by William D. Hamilton, is favored by selection if animals interact selectively with their genetic relatives. On the other hand, Robert Trivers states that non-relatives who have entered into a pact to exchange favors are taking part in reciprocal altruism (Boyd & Silk, 2003). Altruism within a family helps to ensure the advancement of genes and t...

The Logic Behind -logic and -logical

The Logic Behind -logic and -logical The Logic Behind â€Å"-logic† and â€Å"-logical† The Logic Behind â€Å"-logic† and â€Å"-logical† By Mark Nichol Why does the English language allow one to select between, say, biologic and biological, neurologic and neurological, and technologic and technological? Why complicate our language lives with the choice? Is the universe malicious? According to one study, the suffix -ic is preferred over the variant -ical by a ratio of 8 to 1. Curiously, however, when -log precedes the suffix, the ratio is reversed. (In another example of this phenomenon, called potentiation, -ness is much more common than -ity except when the suffix is preceded by able.) But that doesn’t answer my questions. For the most part, the choice seems to be personal or institutional preference, because there’s usually no distinction no logic, for example, to selection of -logic or -logical. For example, the style guide of the American Academy of Neurology prefers the shorter form, but in other contexts, neurological prevails. One researcher points out that, as you might have guessed, -ic (from the Greek suffix -ikos) was the original suffix; -ical, formed by adding the French suffix -al, came later. For the most part, usage organically caused a divergence, so that, for example, a historic occasion is memorable, whereas a historical occasion is one that merely occurred. For another example, economic refers to economics, while economical is used more generally to refer to the quality of economy. In this case, as with some others, the former can mean the same thing as the latter but seldom does. Comic and comical, and geometric and geometrical, are two of the many other sister terms with both (occasionally) identical and (usually) distinctly different meanings. Sometimes, one form predominates for obvious reasons (fanatical, for example, developed in favor of fanatic because the original form came to be applied as a noun), but in other cases, the variation for reasons seldom clear triumphs (botanical versus botanic, for example.) So, which form should you use in a given context? The dictionary is helpful for most -ic/-ical debates, but the -logic/-logical (and -logous!) issue is an outlier. In such cases, consult an authoritative source. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. Had8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesI wish I were...

College should be a equal opportunity for everyone Essay

College should be a equal opportunity for everyone - Essay Example Therefore, it is recommended that individuals are taught about the essence of taking loans. They should also be taught they ways they can be able to apply for loans and qualify easily. They should also understand that student loans are essential for them if they are in need of it especially those that are in need of attaining their degree within four years. It is for this reason that the government should establish ways in which the loans can be given equally and there should be no extra payments for students who are looking for loans independently. The first reason why this should be is due to the fact that the cost of college studies is expensive than it was anticipated some years back. This has been reported in public colleges whereby the tuition fees for the four years have increased with more than 10% above the annual inflation in the United States (Chandler and Michael 23). The same applies to the private colleges and the students who opt for two years studies. Secondly, it has been realized that a majority of parents do not have enough funds to take their children to colleges since the economic situation does not permit them. From the survey conducted in a majority of American homes in august 2012, there has been a reduction in the number of parents who can fund the college studies for their children. The numbers of parents who are also able to cover half of the college fees have decreased. In the same survey, the number of parents who could afford the amount needed for books and tuition was less than 30 percent (Chandle r and Michael 25). This shows that majority of parents need their children to able to access these funds. The other reason is applicable to the students themselves who imply that college life has turned out to be expensive. The people who find it easy to live in colleges are those who commute from their parents houses. The amount of money spent in colleges has been

Galileo's Distinction Between Science and Religion Essay

Galileo's Distinction Between Science and Religion - Essay Example He talks of the need for such a distinction in the light of the events that had led him to be at the centre of a controversy regarding the position of the celestial bodies in relation to the earth. Many were of the opinion that his views contradicted those of the Bible. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, these times followed eras where science and theology existed together in harmony (Sickler). This harmony however, tilted the balance in favor of theology and the scriptures on more occasions than not. This led to the stunted development of science in many ways. It is such a scenario that Galileo critiques in his letter and he also comments on the vested interests that had started to operate the forces of the church. He thus, takes the social and material conditions of the church into account while talking about the conflict that had developed between science and religion during his times. While evaluating Galileo’s position, thus, one also has to keep in min d the historical aspects of the seventeenth century. Galileo’s main objection against the intermingling of the interests of science and religion lay in the fact that most of the people who would sit in judgment over the work of a scientist were not qualified to do so. Galileo’s objections are thus, rooted in an urge to allocate duties and functions in a society to the people who are most worthy for it. The ones who accuse Galileo of blasphemy are the ones that do not possess any knowledge of how to assess a book of science. According to Galileo, such people are likely to condemn a work of science â€Å"without understanding it, weighing it, or so much as reading it† (Galilei, 87). Such people are not capable of judging anything but matters that relate strictly to theology. As such, a divide should be effected between science and religion, according to the letter to the Duchess from Galileo. Galileo thus, is one of the first to argue for the introduction of speci alization in different fields. The humanist spirit of the times in which Galileo lived was one of the reasons as to why he argued for the separation of the sciences from religion. Science for Galileo was a field that had endless possibilities that could be exploited to a great extent. Religion, on the other hand was a strict set of rules that prevented this very mobility that was a part of the scientific project of the Renaissance. This was probably why Galileo wanted a separation between the two areas- it would lead to greater freedom for the scientists. They could also assume greater power in the working of the society and thus, be able to assume a position that was similar in the power that it wielded, to the church. An urge to improve one’s position not just in a spiritual sense but also in the monetary and materialist sense was something that the humanist spirit taught people to possess. The letter emphasizes the need for people who were a part of the church to understan d their sphere of work and not act as a result of their vested interests. Galileo talks of how Copernicus was understood during his own times. However, in the seventeenth century, theologians had started to take advantage of certain circumstances and had started to condemn Copernicus without so much as understanding the theories that were discovered and advanced by this scientist and theologian. Religion was something that the church derived from the bible and its teachings. Galileo debates the literal understandings of religion that were endorsed by the church. The word of God, according to Galileo, cannot be understood in a literal way and thus, much of the meaning of

White Males Essay Example for Free

White Males Essay What is white male privilege? It is important that white male privilege is defined because the majority of whites males want to deny that it exists at all. The denial of its existence by white people is racialized. People of color say white people enjoy white privilege while white people deny, as often as possible, that they have it and that such a power structure exists. Before defining White male privilege we must first understand the idea of privilege in an anti-oppression setting. Privilege is defined my the webster dictionary as a right or immunity granted as a peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor. It is a status that is conferred by society to certain groups. â€Å"It’s about advantages you have that you think are normal. † When this idea is applied to a certain group of people rather than others you begin to see a social polarization, one group that benefits from the privilege and another group that is setback by it. To understand white male privilege one must first understand each factor of privilege, how they work together, and how they effect society. White male privilege is made up of two different privileges, white privilege which is defined by race and male privilege which is defined by gender. White privilege is defined (Clark, 2005), as (1a) a right, advantage, or immunity granted to or enjoyed by white persons beyond the common advantage of all others; an exemption in many particular cases from certain burdens or liabilities. (b) A special advantage or benefit of Stephens 2 white persons; with reference to divine dispensations, natural advantages, gifts of fortune, genetic endowments, social relations, etc. (2a) A privileged position; the possession of an advantage white persons enjoy over non-white persons. (3a) The special right or immunity attaching to white persons as a social relation; prerogative. (b) Display of white privilege, a social expression of a white person or persons demanding to be treated as a member or members of the socially privileged class. (4a) To authorize or license of white person or persons what is forbidden or wrong for non-whites; to justify, excuse. (b) To give white persons special freedom or immunity from some liability or burden to which non-white persons are subject; to exempt. Peggy McIntosh describes white privilege as â€Å"an invisible weightless knapsack of special previsions† in the sense that white privilege provides the beneficiary with advantages that they don’t realize others lack. These advantages can range from being late and not have that count against your race to not worrying if your skin tone makes you the target of police brutality. Many whites against the idea of white privilege believe that the notion of racial preference originated with affirmative action programs and that is should be dismantled to address the issue of privilege. Others against white privilege simply believe it is a myth to essentially make them feel bad for there â€Å"ancestor mistakes†. Most people do not fully understand the privileges that they benefit from so they can not ever truly except this reality. Most men feel this way when they are presented with the idea of male privilege for the first time. Male privilege is a set of privileges that are given to men due to their institutional power in relation to women. While every man experiences privilege differently due to his Stephens 3 own individual position in the social hierarchy, every man, who is seen as male by society, benefits from male privilege. Male privilege branches out over all men no matter what there race, class, or sexuality is. In our patriarchal society male privilege is a bit more inherent. Female workers are, on average, are paid more than 20 percent less than their male components doing the exact same thing. Male privilege can be found in most things in our lives from tv and entertainment all the way to mannerism and how we hold ourselves in our day to day lives. Now that both white and male privilege have been defined we can go into detail about how the both are intertwined White male privilege is an institutionalized power structure in which white males are at the apex of the social pyramid. White males have a very disproportional amount of power compared to women and people of color. Some people would describe being a white male as â€Å"the lowest difficulty setting in a game call the real world†. Both white and male privilege are the most prevalent advantages throughout time. Those who are opposed to this say that white male privilege is a thing of the past and is no longer relevant because we live in a post racial society where citizens may create their own destinies. With Barack Obama as president they believe any structure that existed before hand is nullified by the presence of an African american president. To some white male privilege provides a group with advantages they don’t realize they have. Unchecked it can be used deny it’s very existence with ignorance. The them the best way to combat this issue is to face it head. It’s hard to acknowledge some you don’t you have or why you have it. If people were more aware of their privileges they could find ways to end them or Stephens 4 even making them a common thing provided for others no matter what your race, gender, or sexual preference was. To others white male privilege is nothing but an illusion. They believe that in a post racial society privilege is what you make of it and we all are equal. Some would even go as far to say that white privilege is nothing but a crutch people of color use to take advantage of the white people. Now that I’ve defined Privilege whether it be male privilege or white, showed examples of it in our day to day life , and described it implications on society how will you perceive it? Will you go out teach others about this invisible advantage or will you see it as anything else that’s invisible.

Paul Reveres Ride Essay -- essays papers

Paul Reveres Ride Paul Revere's Ride is a collection of historical accounts centering around Paul Revere's midnight ride to warn the countryside of the battles that occurred. The novel is made up of narrative accounts that tell the whole story of the midnight ride. David Hackett Fischer goes to great lengths to cover every possible angle in telling the story. "Fischer illuminates the figure of Paul Revere, a man far more complex than a simple artisan and messenger"(3). By adding different perspectives he allows the reader to see not only the American idealistic point of view, but we get a chance to hear British accounts of these particular events. In this way Hackett Fischer paints an accurate and unbiased picture not only of Paul Revere and his ride, but also of many other supporting historical figures that were important in making these events happen. Paul Revere's Ride also does an outstanding job of giving the reader a more in-depth perspective about these events by providing a number of first hand accounts from various sources. This technique personalizes the events to the reader and allows him or her to feel more connected to the people in the novel. One such account takes place when Hackett Fischer describes the "Ipswich Fright". "All the horses and vehicles in the town were put in requisition: men, women, and children hurried as for life toward the north. Large numbers crossed the Merrimack, and spent the night in deserted houses of Salisbury, whose inhabitants, stricken by the strange terror, had fled into New Hampshire â€Å"(171). Instead of merely saying that people were in a panic, this accounts adds strength to his assertions. With this detail, the reader can actually make a visual picture the type of panic that took place. Hackett Fischer's in depth descriptions of the typical attire of the participants in these events was also very helpful in allowing the reader to feel more connected with what really happened. Hackett Fischer describes the uniforms of many of the various ranks of British soldiers. Specifically, he describes the British Regulars in great detail. "The most distinctive part of the uniform was the heavy red coat. For grenadiers and line companies this was a garment with long tails that descended nearly to the knee. The light infantry wore short jackets that ended at the hip, and were much prefer... ... He was renowned for his silversmithing, which was his most successful occupation. "He had a brilliant eye for form, a genious for invention, and a restless energy that expressed itself in the animation of his work. Two centuries later, his pieces are cherished equally for the touchmark of their maker and the vitality of his art"(15). By giving some insight into Paul Revere the man, rather than Paul Revere the legend, Fischer gives strength to his historical assertions. In conclusion, David Hackett Fischer effectively tells the story of Paul Revere's ride in a way that completely and accurately depicts the events. By developing many of the historical figures that are not as well known as Paul Revere, Hackett Fischer gives the reader a more distinctive understanding of these particular historical events. Paul Revere's Ride also personalizes these events by providing numerous first hand accounts that strengthen the imagery. As a whole, the novel is an effective and interesting historical account that accurately tells the famed story of Paul Revere's midnight ride. Bibliography: Paul Revere's ride, David Hackett Fischer,Imprint New York : Oxford University Press, 1994.

Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care

This paper will critically examine the care needs and management of Mr Braun. An appropriate framework will be used, namely the ABCDE. Alternative treatment will be analysed using the 5 WHs critical decision making too (Jasper, 2006)l. His care will be based upon the nursing process ensuring that patient outcomes are agreed, implemented and evaluated. The assessment framework to be used is this assessment is the ABCDE assessment framework. The ABCDE framework looks at Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure/Elimination.The reason for choosing this framework is that it uses a systematic method of assessing, it aids with elimination of post op complications. In addition, it is a commonly accepted framework which is widely used and can be used in critical care situations, pre & post-operative care and emergency situations. Furthermore, it allows the nurse to use her skills in accessing the patient’s needs. The disadvantages of the framework are that it is a medic al model in the sense that it looks specifically at the biological aspects of care and lumps emotional/psychological/cultural/social care under the exposure/elimination catergory.Therefore it does not promote exploring these issues in great detail (Younker, 2008 & Hargan 2012) Cancer Physiology Bowel cancer normally starts in the rectum or sigmoid colon. It starts as adematous polyps and then progresses to adematous carcinomas. It spreads by direct extension via the bowel circumference, submucousa and outer bowel wall layers. It can also spread to other areas by direct extension, for example, to the liver, pancreas and spleen. Metastasis is normally by way of the surround lymphnodes.Primary cancerous cells can also travel into the lymphatic and circulatory system causing secondary cancer in other organs such as liver and pancreas (LeMone & Burke, 2003). Mr Braun is undergoing an operation for his sigmoid colon cancer. One route to take would be the traditional method. This consists of open bowel surgery. This entails making a large opening. A bowel prep is given prior to surgery, there is a longer starvation process, which can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Furthermore, it causes stress on the body, insulin resistance in the body is longer and the recovery period is longer.In addition it causes longer paralytic ileus (Siddiqui et al. , 2012). The alternative treatment to the traditional method would be the laparoscopic method. Mr Braun would have a smaller incision, therefore making a quicker recovery. He would be in less pain and would be able to mobilise quicker. He would have a quicker return of GI function and a lesser period of paralytic ileus. He would be able to deep breath better as he would not be experiencing a lot of pain, therefore he would be at less risk of contracting a chest infection.This would all work towards him having an earlier discharge, for example, 3-5 days post op compared to anywhere between 8-12 days on the traditional method. Research has also shown that community rehabilitation is much quicker, 2-3 weeks rather than 6-8 weeks on the traditional method (Jenson 2011). Further research shows that patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery have fewer complications post discharge (Hargan 2012). It appears then the laparoscopic route has better outcomes for the patient and in addition, the NHS.Being able to discharge a patient between 3-5 days who experience fewer complications post operatively not only frees up beds but costs less to treat the patient. Therefore, after weighing up the pros and the cons of both the traditional and the laparscopic it would seem that Mr Braun would be better off having the laparoscopic route. It appears from research that the lapascopic route is the route which is used in almost 90% of colorectal surgery. However, the route that is taken ultimately depends on the surgeon’s choice. Prior to collecting the patient from the recovery roomBefore collecting Mr Braun fro m the recovery room I will need to check the bed area. This includes checking that the oxygen is working. I will need to ensure that there is a nasal tube and a venturi mask. I will also need to check the suction is working and ensure that a new tube is present by the bedside. I will also need to make there is a yonker. I will put a dynamap beside the bed which will allow me to take Mr Braun’s clinical observations on return to the ward. I will also ensure that a drip stand is next to the bed as he may be on fluids or have a PCA on his return to the ward (Nicol et al. 2012).Collecting the patient from the recovery room On collecting the patient from recovery, I will take with me a kidney bowel in case the patient needs to be sick on his return journey, a pair of gloves, a oropharyngeal (geudel) airway in case his airway becomes compromised in anyway and a pocket mask for mouth to mouth. My first priority is to ensure that Mr Braun is safe to return to the ward. I will check h is level of consciousness using the AVPU tool. This tool looks at whether he is Alert, whether he responds to Voice or whether he only responds to Pain and whether he is Unconscious. I will then take a handover from the recovery nurse.This should include informing me of the procedure Mr Braun has had, how well he has responded to the surgery and his current responsiveness/consciousness level. I would need to check with the recovery nurse whether his vital signs are within the normal range. This is for patient safety which is paramount and is at the centre of nursing care. This would need to be checked against the Early Warning Score (EWS) system which includes level of consciousness, the physiological parameters, for example, temperature, blood pressure, Oxygen saturation (SATS), respiratory rate, pulse and urine output.The EWS gives an overall score which informs me whether or not it is safe to take Mr Braun back to the ward. The recovery nurse would also inform me which medication s he has had, information regarding IV fluids, how long they should run for and whether more are needed when it finishes and check they are written up on the drug chart. In addition, I would need to see the wound bed. This would help with later assessment on the ward where I would be able to compare whether there has been any further bleeding or leakage. I would need to see the stoma site.The recovery nurse would inform me whether Mr Braun had a urinary catheter and whether there had been any urine output. After handover I would say hello to the patient and manually take his pulse so that I can get an indication of his heart rate (Nicol et al. 2012). On the ward On returning to the ward I will orientate the patient. I will inform him of every procedure that I do so that I can gain informed consent (NMC 2012). I will immediately carry out a set of clinical observations. This is so I can make a comparison with his perioperative baseline.Although doing the clinical observations with th e dynamap, I will manually take his pulse as it is vital that I know whether it is regular/irregular, strong or weak. ABCDE Assessment Airway The best way to check the airway is to speak to ask the patient and get him to respond to you. If he is able to talk in normally, this will be indicative of his airway being patent. I would need to listen to whether there are any sounds, like barking or gurgling as this could indicate that there is partial obstruction.I would also need to check whether Mr Braun is experiencing any nausea or vomiting. If Mr Braun is experiencing this I would need to immediately administer an anti-emetic as per drug chart instruction. This would help prevent the risk of pulmonary aspiration. I would also need to check whether Mr Braun has any allergies. I would ensure that he is wearing two red wrist bands with the allergies clearly written on them so that other staff members are aware. His allergies would be documented in his nursing notes and on his drug chart with information on what sort of reaction he experiences.Assessing whether Mr Braun has any allergies is extremely important as allergic reactions can cause swelling of the tongue and in the throat which would compromise his airway and leave him with difficulties breathing (Resuscitation Council UK, 2012). Breathing I would now assess breathing by checking Mr Braun’s respiratory rate (RR). The normal range is between 12-20 breaths per minute. In PAC, his RR was slightly raised. This could have been due to anxiety but was more than likely due to his anaemia (this will be looked at further under circulation). I will be able to gain a comparison and start looking for a trend.It is important that the RR is counted for a full minute. His breathing may be irregular and therefore not counting the full minute would give an inaccurate measurement. I would also check Mr Braun’s SATS. The normal range should be >95%. Checking his SATS will inform me whether he is getting enough oxygen and whether his tissues are being perfused adequately. Lack of oxygen can cause hypoxia which if not managed will lead to multiple organ dysfunction and ultimately death. I will also therefor check for cyanosis as this will also inform me whether he is lacking oxygen. It is important to look at how Mr Braun is breathing.For example, is he struggling to breath, is he breathing deeply or is it shallow. Does he have to use his accessory muscles to help him breath. I would check whether his chest is rising equally on both sides. I would also speak as him a question to ascertain whether he is able to speak in full sentences because someone who is struggling to breathe is unable to speak in full sentences. I would look at whether he is breathing fast or slow. Furthermore, I would look at how he is sitting, for example, is he leaning to one side. Also when you are assessing breathing it is important to listen for any wheeze or stridor.RR is one of the first things to alter when a pa tient is deteriorating. It is vital that if Mr Braun is experiencing any of the above, the nurse responds quickly. The first thing would be to check whether he is written up for any more oxygen and if so to increase it. The nurse would then have to check in RR and SATS again after 15 minutes to ascertain whether there was any improvement or further deterioration even. If the patient was deteriorating further the nurse would need to involve the doctor who would be able to review Mr Braun immediately and give further instructions on his care (Queen Mary University & City University, 2006).Circulation An assessment of Mr Braun’s pulse needs to be undertaken. This will allow the nurse to ascertain his heart rate. In addition, it would allow me to feel whether his pulse is strong or weak and whether it is regular or irregular. The normal resting pulse should be between 60-80 beats per minute (bpm). In the PAC, Mr Braun was slightly tachycardic, which could be due to anxiety of his diagnosis, hearing about the treatment he would receive or his prognosis. By taking his pulse it will allow for a baseline, pre-operative and peri-operative comparison.His blood pressure (BP) would also be assessed. The normal ranges are 90/60-140/90. Mr Braun’s BP in PAC was 135/80. Although this is still within the normal range, it is slightly high. However, this would be an appropriate BP given his age. It is vital that clinical observations are carried out every 15 minutes for the first two hours post-op as there is a higher risk of complications occurring and clinical signs are the physiological parameters which tell you whether a patient is deteriorating or improving.For example, if a patient is tachycardic and hypotensive this could be indicative of hypovolaemic shock which would need to be managed immediately as this can lead to potential death. It is vital when taking clinical observations that the nurse is aware that she should not only rely on the measurements. Th is is because a patient can be in hypovolaemic shock and still have a normal BP. This is because in hypovolaemic shock, the compensatory mechanisms take over and the body will do everything it can to keep the BP at normal level.Therefore, it is vital that the nurse also observes what the patient looks like, for example, does he look palor, he is sweaty or clammy. These are all important factors when carry out clinical observations. When a patient undergoes surgery he has enforced reduced mobility. Mr Braun will be in bed for a while and due to these factors is therefore at risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), which is one of the highest cause of PE leading to hospital deaths. The nurse should check whether he still has his TED stockings on and check that they are not rolled down or creased as this may prevent them from achieving good prophylaxis.Furthermore it could compromise his skin integrity. Mr Braun will probably also be prescribed oral or subcutaneous anticoagulants as a furth er prevention of DVT. Mr Braun’s Hb levels should be checked to ensure that his anaemia is improving. If Mr Braun was assessed in PAC as having met the criteria, which is expected to make a good recovery, for the ERP, his anaemia would have been dealt with prior to him being admitted. He would have been assessed for any co-morbidities and his GP would have been involved to treat his anaemia.If his anaemia had not been treated, prior to his admission, it is likely that Mr Braun would have undergone a blood transfusion during surgery. This would mean that he would have a cannula in situ which would need to be assessed to check for phlebitis. This would need to be documented on the VIP chart (Hargan 2012). The cannula needs to be checked to ascertain whether it is patent. The date of insertion should also be noted on the VIP chart as it is not allowed to stay in for longer than 72 hours. Mr Braun will also have a catheter in situ. Therefore it is important to check for urine out put.Mr Braun should have a urine output of 0. 5ml/kg/hr, in other words half his body weight per hour. Therefore if Mr Braun weighs 80kg, he should have a urine output of 40mls per hour. If going through the traditional method, Mr Braun would have to have a low residue diet approx. 2 days prior to the operation. He would only be allowed clear fluids approximately 12-18 hours before surgery and would then be starved from the midnight before the day of surgery to prevent aspiration. Research has shown that prolonged starvation causes dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.It causes the body to experience insulin resistance for longer and cause the body more stress (Burch & Slater 2012). In contrast, he would have been given carbohydrate loading prior to surgery in the form of iso-osmolarity which 90% passes through the stomach within 90 minutes therefore he would have been able to have it one and a half hours prior to surgery. This would cause less insulin resistance and put his body t hrough less stress. He would be able to come off any IV fluids as he would be encourage to eat and drink at will post operatively.

Reading Habits

1 Findings FINDINGS 1. English is the most preferred language for reading; Mother tongue claimed the 2nd spot with 48% preferring to read in their mother tongue against 46% preferring Hindi. 2. Preferences of activities (PUMBA Vs Non-PUMBA) [where candidates were asked to rank their preferences on a 1-5 ranking scale] shows that: a. PUMBA candidates rank better on Reading and TV watching over other than PUMBA institutes. b. Other than PUMBA institutes rank higher on Music listening and chatting over the internet. . A large chunk of the sample population rate Chatting as the most preferred activity. d. The least preferred activity of the sample is Shopping. 3. Candidates aged: a. 20-23 are most interested in Entertainment b. 24-27 are most interested in Technology c. 28 + are most interested in Business 4. Areas of Interest (Work experience-wise): a. 80% of Freshers’ areas of interest lie in Entertainment b. 72% of Work experienced candidates’ area of interest lies in Bu siness and Technology both. 5. Intention to read: a. The general trend that is seen is that the candidate either male or female read to learn, to be informed and for academics. b. The data shows that for 15% of females read out of habit as against 5% male candidates. c. 40% males read for news, contrary to female populations’ 5%. Reading Trends Among Students Department of Management Sciences, University of Pune PUMBA 2 Findings 6. The Internet followed by friends/colleagues and Newspapers/magazines form the major sources of information about Reading material. 7. Sources of Reading Material a. 3% of the respondents from Institutes other than PUMBA source their reading material from Websites. b. A majority of candidates from PUMBA i. e. 85% of the candidates consider the Library as their main source of reading material. 8. The most popular strategy adopted to overcome difficult reading material is to ask others for help. 9. The two major hurdles in reading are Time and Surroundings. 10. A whopping 91% of the sample population adm it ‘Strain on the eyes’ as the biggest reason for not preferring E-Reading. 11. Accessibility and Economy are the biggest pros for E-Reading. 12. There are NO differences Graduation stream-wise in the time spent on reading but there are differences Age-wise in the time spent on reading. 13. There are NO differences gender-wise for the reading intention to learn. 14. There are differences gender-wise for the intention of reading to stimulate imagination. 15. There are NO Gender-wise differences in the total time spent on reading. Reading Trends Among Students Department of Management Sciences, University of Pune PUMBA

Discuss the Role of Enzymes in Dna Replication Essays

Discuss the Role of Enzymes in Dna Replication Essays Discuss the Role of Enzymes in Dna Replication Essay Discuss the Role of Enzymes in Dna Replication Essay DNA is the key for our genetic apperance. DNA is a double stranded and is formed by blocks of nucleotides. Nucleotides each consist of three parts. A phosphate, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose) and a nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous bases carry the information for proteins which are needed in our body to function properly. Proteins are made according to the nitrogenous bases. When DNA replicates, its extremely important that it is copied exactly. If its not the protein which is produced according to the nitrogenous bases. DNA replication process starts with unzipping the original strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs which are connected according to a certain rule. Adenine bonds with two hydrogen bonds to Thymine, while Guanine bonds with three hydrogen bonds to Cytosine. Double ringed nucleotide bases are Adenine and Guanine which are called Purines, and single ringed nucleotide bases are Pyrimidines that consist of Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil. During the process of helicase breaking the hydrogen bonds between the two strands of the double helix structure of DNA where it forms a replication fork, Gyrase releases the tension in the strands by relieving twist at swivel points. The enzyme RNA polymerase (or primase) makes a piece of a RNA which is called a primer) against to the exposed DNA. Then DNA polymerase causes free nucleotides (from digested food) to bond to the exposed DNA bases adjacent to the primer and so form a new side of DNA called the leading strand. Nucleotides can only be added to the 3 end so on the leading strand they can be added one at the time. DNA polymerase always reads along the parental strand in a 3 to 5 direction , therefore the new DNA strand grows in a 5 to 3 direction. Two strands of the DNA have different beginnings and endings, thus its structure called anti-parallel. The other original strand, running 5 to 3, must be copied in short fragments (Okazaki fragments of approximately 1000 bases) and is called the lagging strand. DNA polymerase cant begin a new DNA strand from 5, therefore RNA polymerase (or primase) needs to make several primers (pieces of RNA). RNA polymerase replaces Thymine with Uracile, but Uracile is not acceptable in a DNA strand. Therefore it needs to be replaced. DNA polymerase replaces the piece of RNA primer with DNA nucleotides. This happens in both the leading and lagging strands. The new nucleotides and Okazaki fragments are joined into a strand of DNA by ligase and the process is called ligation. As a result two identical strands of DNA are produced. The process of DNA replication is semi-conservative because one side of the replicated DNA is new while the other half is original DNA.

Studying and Preparing for Final Exams

Studying and Preparing for Final Exams Final exams are stressful for many studentsand its no wonder. Finals are designed to allow students to demonstrate how much information they have retained from an entire semester. When it comes to preparing for finals, every subject is a little bit different, so you should specialize your study skills for each particular exam. A General Strategy for Preparing for Finals Studies show that certain methods are important when it comes to memorization. If youre studying for a topic that involves a lot of new terms and concepts, you must prepare for a test with a reusable practice test. Fill in the practice sheet and repeat until you get all the answers right.Believe it or not, students have reported that lots of points are lost because they get careless on bubble sheets! Review these common and very costly bubble sheet errors that can wreck your test performance. If you misalign by a single space, you can get every answer wrong!Review common instruction words that teachers use. Know the difference between contrast, analyze, and compare, for example. You may think these the same thing when it comes to writing your answer essay, but there are very specific expectations for each word.If finals week means lots of back-to-back exams for you, you should prepare yourself mentally and physically for the many consecutive hours you can spend writing. Dont make your essay answer too short because your hand is getting tired!Fill in the blank e xams require special preparation. You start by reading over your class notes to underline new terms, important dates, noteworthy phrases, and the names of key people. If part of your final involves constructing a long essay outside of the classroom, you should become very familiar with all the behavior that constitutes plagiarism. You might be surprised to find out how easy it is to plagiarize. And plagiarism normally results in an immediate fail! Preparing for Finals in English and Literature Classes Literature professors are most likely to test you with long and short essay questions. First rule when preparing for a literature exam: read the material again! Be prepared to compare two or more stories that youve read. Also, know the traits of every character. Before going into any essay test session, you should review basic punctuation rules. Preparing for Exams in Foreign Language Classes If youre mainly concerned about memorizing a list of new words when learning a foreign language, you can use this color-coding method to memorize vocabulary words. If youre preparing for a final exam in Spanish, you can review a list of common mistakes students make when composing Spanish essays. You may also need to insert Spanish symbols as you create your final essay. Practice early and practice a lot to ace a Spanish test! Thats the advice from readers. Sometimes its necessary to cram for a foreign language final. If you need to learn a lot of French in a little bit of time, try some practice techniques offered by our Guide to French Language. Preparing for Science Finals Many science teachers like to use multiple choice questions to test students. To prepare for this type of test, you should look closely at the concepts behind themes to make sure you are prepared for all of the above and none of the above answers. Look at any lists of components or traits. When taking a chemistry final, be sure to mind dump every memorized equation at the start. Join a study group and seek study advice from other students. Use common sense when you prepare for test day. Eat right and get enough sleep! Preparing for a Psychology Final If your psychology teacher offers a test review, it is important to take smart and sensible notes. You can use your review notes to create a practice exam. When preparing for a psychology test, its particularly important to review psychological theories youve covered in class and apply them to real-life examples when you can. Preparing for Math Finals For many students, math finals are the most intimidating of all! Some of the best advice for preparing for math exams comes from our readers. Work slowly and review each problem at least ten timesthats the kind of wisdom readers share. Review these problem-solving strategies to know how and when to use certain procedures. Its critical to memorize the basic rules that are necessary for working on many problems: divisibility rulesorder of operationsnegative and positive rulesgeometry formulas Final Exams in History History exams will involve memorizing dates as well as memorizing new history terms for your exam. Be sure to brush up on techniques for preparing for a short answer test. Many teachers in the social sciences prefer to use essay exam questions. To prepare for an essay exam, you should read over your notes and textbook chapters to search for hidden themes, Your history final may involve writing a long history paper. Make sure your essay fits the assignment and is formatted correctly. Our Guide to Ancient History provides excellent advice for last minute study tips for history class. Finding a Study Partner It is very helpful for many students to study with a good partner. Find a serious student and find a good study space to exchange practice questions and compare notes. A great study partner will understand some methods or problems that you dont. You will be able to explain some problems with your partner in return. Its a trade-off.

Why should we read the book of job today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why should we read the book of job today - Essay Example More than a masterpiece of literature, however, the Book of Job it provides an insight on the nature of God, on the relationship of God and man, and a criticism to man’s understanding of God’s laws. Most people would say that the Book of Job provides man a guideline on how to suffer (Copeland 2006; Goldberg 2010), but it is more than that. It serves to answer three of the most difficult questions on suffering: What is suffering? Why do people suffer undeservedly? What kind of lessons can be taken from suffering? ALL ABOUT THE BOOK OF JOB According to Mark Copeland (2006), the Book of Job belongs to the Books of Poetry, along with Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon. Just like the others, it is written in poetic style. Its author is unknown and the date of writing has been hotly debated among scholars. â€Å"All that can be said with certainty is that the author is a loyal Hebrew who was not bound by the popular creed that assumed suffering was alway s a direct result of sin† (Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown in Copeland 2006:4). It is often referred to as the â€Å"prime example of Hebrew wisdom literature† (Waters 1997:436) because it deals with a number of issues never discussed in the previous books of the Old Testament: the concept of theodicy1 and an understanding of the just and righteous God who allows underserved suffering in the world. At the start of the Book, the reader is introduced to Job, a man of remarkable character who was blessed with a huge family and a good fortune. This was then by a controversy presented through a conversation between God and Satan (Job 1:8-11): Has thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? Then Satan answered the Lord, and said, Doth Job fear God for nought? †¦[T]hou hast blessed the work of his hand, and his substance is increased in the land. But put forth thine hand now, a nd touch all that he hath, and he will curse thee to thy face To determine the veracity of Satan’s claim, God allow Satan to test Job. Job then lost everything he had – his children, his possessions, and was even inflicted with a sickness. But still he remained faithful and said â€Å"Naked came I out of my mother’s womb, and naked shall I return thither: the Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away† (Job 1:21). After relating Job’s distress, the rest of the Book relates conversation (speeches in fact) between Job and his three friends, Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar. These three friends have incited him to repent from his sins, after all, this could be the only reason he is sufferng. Once he has repented, his friends claim, the Lord’s blessings will be restored and he will be prosperous again. Job was of course, confused. He has always been faithful to the Lord, and he even asked for forgiveness for his children’s errors, what secret sin was he being punished for? After three cycles of speeches wherein Job also expressed his confusion: â€Å"Wherefore the wicked live, become old†¦Their seed established in their sight with them†¦Their houses are safe from fear† (Job 21:7-9), a new character, Elihu, is introduced. He explains why he does not speak earlier: â€Å"Now Elihu has waited till Job has spoken, because they were elder than he† (Job 32:4). Elihu’s views about suffering was unlike the other three friends. Like Job, he knew that he lived according to God’